{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:33:10Z","timestamp":1760236390624,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]],"date-time":"2021-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["418311604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["418311604"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents the novel concept of structuring a planar coil antenna structured into the outermost stainless-steel layer of a fiber metal laminate (FML) and investigating its performance. Furthermore, the antenna is modified to sufficiently work on inhomogeneous conductive substrates such as carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP) independent from their application-dependent layer configuration, since the influence on antenna performance was expected to be configuration-dependent. The effects of different stack-ups on antenna characteristics and strategies to cope with these influences are investigated. The purpose was to create a wireless self-sustained sensor node for an embedded structural health monitoring (SHM) system inside the monitored material itself. The requirements of such a system are investigated, and measurements on the amount of wireless power that can be harvested are conducted. Mechanical investigations are performed to identify the antenna shape that produces the least wound to the material, and electrical investigations are executed to prove the on-conductor optimization concept. Furthermore, a suitable process to fabricate such antennas is introduced. First measurements fulfilled the expectations: the measured antenna structure prototype could provide up to 11 mW to a sensor node inside the FML component.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21237841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T01:45:02Z","timestamp":1638323102000},"page":"7841","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Stainless-Steel Antenna on Conductive Substrate for an SHM Sensor System with High Power Demand"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1840-3591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Bornemann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Microsensors, Actuators and Systems, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2702-4152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan Niklas","family":"Haus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microtechnology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1873-9140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Sinapius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechanics and Adaptronics, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5029-3356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"L\u00fcssem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Microsensors, Actuators and Systems, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2090-6259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Dietzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microtechnology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9813-5231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Microsensors, Actuators and Systems, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paerosci.2010.05.001","article-title":"Structural health monitoring techniques for aircraft composite structures","volume":"46","author":"Diamanti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Aerosp. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2011.03.061","article-title":"From embedded sensors to sensorial materials\u2014The road to function scale integration","volume":"171","author":"Lang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2013.2294626","article-title":"Integration without disruption: The Basic Challenge of Sensor Integration","volume":"14","author":"Dumstorff","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2016.03.017","article-title":"Design, fabrication and embedding of microscale interdigital sensors for real-time cure monitoring during composite manufacturing","volume":"243","author":"Kahali","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bovelli, S., Neubauer, F., and Heller, C. (2006, January 10\u201315). A Novel Antenna Design for Passive RFID Transponders on Metal Surfaces. Proceedings of the 36th European Microwave Conference, Manchester, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/EUMC.2006.281458"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1109\/MAP.2009.5162014","article-title":"Characteristics of a Metal-Backed Loop Antenna and its Application to a High-Frequency RFID Smart Shelf","volume":"51","author":"Qing","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohmura, N., Takase, E., Ogino, S., Okano, Y., and Arai, S. (2013, January 23\u201325). Material Property of On-metal Magnetic Sheet Attached on NFC\/HF-RFID Antenna and Research of Its Proper Pattern and Size On. 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Radio Eng."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/23\/7841\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:35:42Z","timestamp":1760168142000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/23\/7841"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s21237841"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21237841","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]]}}}