{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T15:09:54Z","timestamp":1776179394023,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":170,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,28]],"date-time":"2021-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of death worldwide. An effective management and treatment of CVDs highly relies on accurate diagnosis of the disease. As the most common imaging technique for clinical diagnosis of the CVDs, US imaging has been intensively explored. Especially with the introduction of deep learning (DL) techniques, US imaging has advanced tremendously in recent years. Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is one of the most promising new imaging methods in addition to the existing clinical imaging methods. It can characterize different tissue compositions based on optical absorption contrast and thus can assess the functionality of the tissue. This paper reviews some major technological developments in both US (combined with deep learning techniques) and PA imaging in the application of diagnosis of CVDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21237947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T01:45:02Z","timestamp":1638323102000},"page":"7947","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Advanced Ultrasound and Photoacoustic Imaging in Cardiology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5921-8958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Photoacoustics and Ultrasound Laboratory Eindhoven (PULS\/e), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8153-2786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Navchetan","family":"Awasthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Photoacoustics and Ultrasound Laboratory Eindhoven (PULS\/e), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Medical Image Analysis Group (IMAG\/e), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3068-4127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nastaran Mohammadian","family":"Rad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Photoacoustics and Ultrasound Laboratory Eindhoven (PULS\/e), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Medical Image Analysis Group (IMAG\/e), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Josien P. W.","family":"Pluim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Image Analysis Group (IMAG\/e), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6618-6184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard G. P.","family":"Lopata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Photoacoustics and Ultrasound Laboratory Eindhoven (PULS\/e), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2002). Cardiovascular Disease Programme; Noncommunicable Disease and Mental Health Cluster. 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