{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:36:08Z","timestamp":1760236568043,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Magnetoelectric (ME) sensors with a form factor of a few millimeters offer a comparatively low magnetic noise density of a few pT\/Hz in a narrow frequency band near the first bending mode. While a high resonance frequency (kHz range) and limited bandwidth present a challenge to biomagnetic measurements, they can potentially be exploited in indirect sensing of non-magnetic quantities, where artificial magnetic sources are applicable. In this paper, we present the novel concept of an active magnetic motion sensing system optimized for ME sensors. Based on the signal chain, we investigated and quantified key drivers of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), which is closely related to sensor noise and bandwidth. These considerations were demonstrated by corresponding measurements in a simplified one-dimensional motion setup. Accordingly, we introduced a customized filter structure that enables a flexible bandwidth selection as well as a frequency-based separation of multiple artificial sources. Both design goals target the prospective application of ME sensors in medical movement analysis, where a multitude of distributed sensors and sources might be applied.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21238000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T01:45:02Z","timestamp":1638323102000},"page":"8000","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Active Magnetoelectric Motion Sensing: Examining Performance Metrics with an Experimental Setup"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8170-8147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143 Kiel, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4841-4646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Elzenheimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143 Kiel, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3526-6576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christin","family":"Bald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143 Kiel, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4813-3868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clint","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5945-4694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter","family":"Maetzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6128-4831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerhard","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143 Kiel, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9182","DOI":"10.3390\/s111009182","article-title":"Kalman-Filter-Based Orientation Determination Using Inertial\/Magnetic Sensors: Observability Analysis and Performance Evaluation","volume":"11","author":"Sabatini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-11-70","article-title":"Assessment of hand kinematics using inertial and magnetic sensors","volume":"11","author":"Kortier","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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