{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T17:04:41Z","timestamp":1771261481399,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":299,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MRUN2019-3D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRUN2019-3D"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The global pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has caused millions of deaths and affected the livelihood of many more people. Early and rapid detection of COVID-19 is a challenging task for the medical community, but it is also crucial in stopping the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Prior substantiation of artificial intelligence (AI) in various fields of science has encouraged researchers to further address this problem. Various medical imaging modalities including X-ray, computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound (US) using AI techniques have greatly helped to curb the COVID-19 outbreak by assisting with early diagnosis. We carried out a systematic review on state-of-the-art AI techniques applied with X-ray, CT, and US images to detect COVID-19. In this paper, we discuss approaches used by various authors and the significance of these research efforts, the potential challenges, and future trends related to the implementation of an AI system for disease detection during the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21238045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T02:56:14Z","timestamp":1638413774000},"page":"8045","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Role of Artificial Intelligence in COVID-19 Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Anjan","family":"Gudigar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1124-089X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"U","family":"Raghavendra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India"}]},{"given":"Sneha","family":"Nayak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0293-3280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chui Ping","family":"Ooi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Technology, Singapore University of Social Sciences, Singapore 599494, Singapore"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2718-3797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wai Yee","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Mokshagna Rohit","family":"Gangavarapu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2630-4654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chinmay","family":"Dharmik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7744-2857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jyothi","family":"Samanth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Technology, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India"}]},{"given":"Nahrizul Adib","family":"Kadri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0471-3820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khairunnisa","family":"Hasikin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5117-8333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prabal Datta","family":"Barua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cogninet Brain Team, Cogninet Australia, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia"},{"name":"School of Business (Information Systems), Faculty of Business, Education, Law & Arts, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0102-5424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Subrata","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia"}]},{"given":"Edward J.","family":"Ciaccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2689-8552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"U. Rajendra","family":"Acharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore 599489, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan"},{"name":"International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. 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