{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T07:24:38Z","timestamp":1780385078369,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004070","name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Competitive Internal Research Award CIRA-ADEK and by Abu Dhabi Award for Re-search Excellence (AARE) 2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Competitive Internal Research Award CIRA-ADEK and by Abu Dhabi Award for Re-search Excellence (AARE) 2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Organophosphates (OPs) are neurotoxic agents also used as pesticides that can permanently block the active site of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE). A robust and sensitive detection system of OPs utilising the enzyme mimic potential of the cysteamine capped gold nanoparticles (C-AuNPs) was developed. The detection assay was performed by stepwise addition of AChE, parathion ethyl (PE)-a candidate OP, acetylcholine chloride (ACh), C-AuNPs, and 3, 3\u2032, 5, 5\u2032-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) in the buffer solution. The whole sensing protocol completes in 30\u201340 min, including both incubations. The Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) results indicated that the NPs are spherical and have an average size of 13.24 nm. The monomers of C-AuNPs exhibited intense catalytic activity (nanozyme) for the oxidization of TMB, revealed by the production of instant blue colour and confirmed by a sharp peak at 652 nm. The proposed biosensor\u2019s detection limit and linear ranges were 5.8 ng\u00b7mL\u22121 and 11.6\u201392.8 ng\u00b7mL\u22121, respectively, for PE. The results strongly advocate that the suggested facile colorimetric biosensor may provide an excellent platform for on-site monitoring of OPs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21238050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T03:10:38Z","timestamp":1638760238000},"page":"8050","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Colorimetric Detection of Organophosphate Pesticides Based on Acetylcholinesterase and Cysteamine Capped Gold Nanoparticles as Nanozyme"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Musaddiq","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0630-1520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Irudayaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"},{"name":"Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8600-3899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulrahim A.","family":"Sajini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Ishtiaq","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6047-3334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bashir","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.126893","article-title":"A novel cholinesterase assay for the evaluation of neurotoxin poisoning based on the electron-transfer promotion effect of thiocholine on an Au electrode","volume":"298","author":"Shimada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Houze, P., Hutin, A., Lejay, M., and Baud, F.J. (2019). Comparison of the Respiratory Toxicity and Total Cholinesterase Activities in Dimethyl Versus Diethyl Paraoxon-Poisoned Rats. Toxics, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics7020023"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5468","DOI":"10.1039\/C8AY01851K","article-title":"Current progress in biosensors for organophosphorus pesticides based on enzyme functionalized nanostructures: A review","volume":"10","author":"Xiong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suwannakul, B., Sapbamrer, R., Wiwattanadittakul, N., and Hongsibsong, S. (2021). Organophosphate Pesticide Exposures in Early and Late Pregnancy Influence Different Aspects of Infant Developmental Performance. Toxics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics9050099"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2016.04.046","article-title":"Recent approaches to improving selectivity and sensitivity of enzyme-based biosensors for organophosphorus pesticides: A review","volume":"155","author":"Songa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2012.09.084","article-title":"Kinetic-spectrophotometric determination of methyl parathion in water and vegetable samples","volume":"101","author":"Tiwari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2012.06.025","article-title":"Acetylcholinesterase inhibition-based biosensors for pesticide determination: A review","volume":"429","author":"Pundir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yusoff, N.A., Taib, I.S., Budin, S.B., and Mohamed, M. (2021). Paternal Fenitrothion Exposures in Rats Causes Sperm DNA Fragmentation in F0 and Histomorphometric Changes in Selected Organs of F1 Generation. Toxics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics9070159"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.03.157","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of organophosphorus pesticides in fruits and vegetables using atmospheric pressure gas chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry","volume":"231","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1080\/03067319.2017.1325881","article-title":"Development of HPLC-MS\/MS method for the simultaneous determination of metabolites of organophosphate pesticides, synthetic pyrethroids, herbicides and DEET in human urine","volume":"97","author":"Behniwal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2019.01.059","article-title":"Determination of glyphosate in soil samples using CdTe\/CdS quantum dots in capillary electrophoresis","volume":"146","author":"Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.09.157","article-title":"A non-competitive surface plasmon resonance immunosensor for rapid detection of triazophos residue in environmental and agricultural samples","volume":"613","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2019.111825","article-title":"Displaying of acetylcholinesterase mutants on surface of yeast for ultra-trace fluorescence detection of organophosphate pesticides with gold nanoclusters","volume":"148","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-018-1233-y","article-title":"Detection of omethoate residues in peach with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy","volume":"11","author":"Yaseen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Rapid and ultrasensitive detection of food contaminants using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy-based methods","volume":"8","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2019.07.066","article-title":"Dynamic interactions between peroxidase-mimic silver NanoZymes and chlorpyrifos-specific aptamers enable highly-specific pesticide sensing in river water","volume":"1083","author":"Weerathunge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, B., Li, Y., Hu, H., Shu, W., Yang, L., and Zhang, J. (2020). Acetylcholinesterase electrochemical biosensors with graphene-transition metal carbides nanocomposites modified for detection of organophosphate pesticides. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231981"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1080\/03601234.2020.1853460","article-title":"Development of enzymatic electrochemical biosensors for organophosphorus pesticide detection","volume":"56","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.06.020","article-title":"A ratiometric fluorescent quantum dots based biosensor for organophosphorus pesticides detection by inner-filter effect","volume":"74","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1039\/C6NR08473G","article-title":"Oxidase-mimicking activity of ultrathin MnO 2 nanosheets in colorimetric assay of acetylcholinesterase activity","volume":"9","author":"Yan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.05.040","article-title":"Polyacrylic acid-coated cerium oxide nanoparticles: An oxidase mimic applied for colorimetric assay to organophosphorus pesticides","volume":"85","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.10.017","article-title":"Sensitive detection of Escherichia coli O157: H7 using Pt\u2013Au bimetal nanoparticles with peroxidase-like amplification","volume":"77","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4589","DOI":"10.1021\/am507361x","article-title":"Colorimetric peroxidase mimetic assay for uranyl detection in sea water","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.03.090","article-title":"A net fishing enrichment strategy for colorimetric detection of E. coli O157: H7","volume":"247","author":"Ren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6165","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200460649","article-title":"Nanozymes: Gold-nanoparticle-based transphosphorylation catalysts","volume":"43","author":"Manea","year":"2004","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Darland, D.C., and Zhao, J.X. (2021). Nanozymes\u2014Hitting the Biosensing \u201cTarget\u201d. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21155201"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2018.05.012","article-title":"Nanozyme: An emerging alternative to natural enzyme for biosensing and immunoassay","volume":"105","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, J., Li, C., Qi, Y., Guo, S., and Liang, X. (2016). Optimizing colorimetric assay based on V2O5 nanozymes for sensitive detection of H2O2 and glucose. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16040584"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2020.461346","article-title":"Selective solid-phase extraction of organophosphorus pesticides and their oxon-derivatives from water samples using molecularly imprinted polymer followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection","volume":"1626","author":"Arias","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.04.032","article-title":"Rapid pathogen detection by lateral-flow immunochromatographic assay with gold nanoparticle-assisted enzyme signal amplification","volume":"206","author":"Cho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4357","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00672","article-title":"Nanozymes: Classification, catalytic mechanisms, activity regulation, and applications","volume":"119","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-018-1490-z","article-title":"A simple and rapid direct injection method for the determination of glyphosate and AMPA in environmental water samples","volume":"411","author":"Okada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.10.020","article-title":"Monitoring of organophosphorus pesticides in vegetables using monoclonal antibody-based direct competitive ELISA followed by HPLC\u2013MS\/MS","volume":"131","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2014.07.032","article-title":"A novel fluorescence probing strategy for the determination of parathion-methyl","volume":"131","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8477","DOI":"10.3390\/s120708477","article-title":"Development of a novel optical biosensor for detection of organophoshorus pesticides based on methyl parathion hydrolase immobilized by metal-chelate affinity","volume":"12","author":"Lan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2013.10.060","article-title":"Methyl parathion imprinted polymer nanoshell coated on the magnetic nanocore for selective recognition and fast adsorption and separation in soils","volume":"264","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.04.130","article-title":"Photoelectrochemical sensor based on molecularly imprinted film modified hierarchical branched titanium dioxide nanorods for chlorpyrifos detection","volume":"251","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.04.045","article-title":"Fluorometric and colorimetric analysis of carbamate pesticide via enzyme-triggered decomposition of Gold nanoclusters-anchored MnO2 nanocomposite","volume":"290","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2428","DOI":"10.1039\/C9AY00549H","article-title":"A novel acetylcholinesterase biosensor based on gold nanoparticles obtained by electroless plating on three-dimensional graphene for detecting organophosphorus pesticides in water and vegetable samples","volume":"11","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Cui, H., and Zeng, Z. (2018). A simple colorimetric and fluorescent sensor to detect organophosphate pesticides based on adenosine triphosphate-modified gold nanoparticles. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124302"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s11426-015-5488-5","article-title":"Aptamer-wrapped gold nanoparticles for the colorimetric detection of omethoate","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. China Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s13404-015-0171-3","article-title":"Simple method for visual detection of glutathione S-transferase activity and inhibition using cysteamine-capped gold nanoparticles as colorimetric probes","volume":"48","author":"Ren","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gold Bull."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82555-z","article-title":"Exceptional antibacterial and cytotoxic potency of monodisperse greener AgNPs prepared under optimized pH and temperature","volume":"11","author":"Riaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s40089-015-0158-3","article-title":"Catalytic reduction of methylene blue and Congo red dyes using green synthesized gold nanoparticles capped by salmalia malabarica gum","volume":"5","author":"Ganapuram","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"803","article-title":"Characterization of gold nanoparticles for various medical application","volume":"6","author":"Malina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dig. J. Nanomater. Biostruct."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3142","DOI":"10.1039\/c3an36528j","article-title":"Visual detection of hexokinase activity and inhibition with positively charged gold nanoparticles as colorimetric probes","volume":"138","author":"Ren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, A., Tauseef, I., Ali, M.B., Yameen, M.A., Mezni, A., Hedfi, A., Haleem, S.K., and Haq, S. (2021). In-Vitro and In-Vivo Tolerance and Therapeutic Investigations of Phyto-Fabricated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles against Selected Pathogens. Toxics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics9050105"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1017\/S1431927614007910","article-title":"Improving Sample Preparation Methods to Assess Nanoparticle Agglomeration using TEM","volume":"20","author":"Zheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microsc. Microanal."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(02)00058-7","article-title":"Evaluation of the change in the morphology of gold nanoparticles during sintering","volume":"33","author":"Nakaso","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3465","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-011-0268-4","article-title":"Analytical characterization of gold nanoparticle primary particles, aggregates, agglomerates, and agglomerated aggregates","volume":"13","author":"Keene","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nanopart. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07194","article-title":"Selective oxidation with dioxygen by gold nanoparticle catalysts derived from 55-atom clusters","volume":"454","author":"Turner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, C.-C., Chen, C.-P., Wu, T.-H., Yang, C.-H., Lin, C.-W., and Chen, C.-Y. (2019). Gold nanoparticle-based colorimetric strategies for chemical and biological sensing applications. Nanomaterials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9060861"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5800","DOI":"10.1021\/ac500478g","article-title":"Glucose oxidase-catalyzed growth of gold nanoparticles enables quantitative detection of attomolar cancer biomarkers","volume":"86","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-018-2974-4","article-title":"A colorimetric assay for acetylcholinesterase activity and inhibitor screening based on the thiocholine\u2013induced inhibition of the oxidative power of MnO 2 nanosheets on 3, 3\u2032, 5, 5\u2032\u2013tetramethylbenzidine","volume":"185","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3313","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-013-6742-3","article-title":"Lateral-flow enzyme immunoconcentration for rapid detection of Listeria monocytogenes","volume":"405","author":"Cho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-019-01655-y","article-title":"Enhanced His@ AuNCs oxidase-like activity by reduced graphene oxide and its application for colorimetric and electrochemical detection of nitrite","volume":"411","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sintl.2020.100007","article-title":"Acetylcholine and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors detection using gold nanoparticles coupled with dynamic light scattering","volume":"1","author":"Lagarde","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Int."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5338","DOI":"10.1039\/c3an00690e","article-title":"Colorimetric sensing strategy for mercury (II) and melamine utilizing cysteamine-modified gold nanoparticles","volume":"138","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2020.03.007","article-title":"Challenges for cysteamine stabilization, quantification, and biological effects improvement","volume":"10","author":"Atallah","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Anal."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2876","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b04848","article-title":"Magnetic focus lateral flow sensor for detection of cervical cancer biomarkers","volume":"91","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.04.011","article-title":"On-site chip-based colorimetric quantitation of organophosphorus pesticides using an office scanner","volume":"215","author":"Meng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5518","DOI":"10.1039\/C5AN00874C","article-title":"A smartphone-readable barcode assay for the detection and quantitation of pesticide residues","volume":"140","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shields, J.N., Hales, E.C., Ranspach, L.E., Luo, X., Orr, S., Runft, D., Dombkowski, A., Neely, M.N., Matherly, L.H., and Taub, J.W.J.T. (2019). Exposure of larval zebrafish to the insecticide propoxur induced developmental delays that correlate with behavioral abnormalities and altered expression of hspb9 and hspb11. Toxics, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics7040050"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X11311030006","article-title":"Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: Pharmacology and toxicology","volume":"11","author":"Colovic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/23\/8050\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:38:47Z","timestamp":1760168327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/23\/8050"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s21238050"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21238050","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]}}}