{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T19:37:49Z","timestamp":1768073869627,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,4]],"date-time":"2021-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61732022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61732022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, the development of distributed renewable energy resources, smart devices, and smart grids empowers the emergence of peer-to-peer energy trading via local energy markets. However, due to security and privacy concerns in energy trading, sensitive information of energy traders could be leaked to an adversary. In addition, malicious users could perform attacks against the energy market, such as collusion, double spending, and repudiation attacks. Moreover, network attacks could be executed by external attackers against energy networks, such as eavesdropping, data spoofing, and tampering attacks. To tackle the abovementioned attacks, we propose a secure and privacy-preserving energy trading system (SPETS). First, a permissioned energy blockchain is presented to perform secure energy transactions between energy sellers and buyers. Second, a discrete-time double auction is proposed for energy allocation and pricing. Third, the concept of reputation scores is adopted to guarantee market reliability and trust. The proposed energy system is implemented using Hyperledger Fabric (HF) where the chaincode is utilized to control the energy market. Theoretical analysis proves that SPETS is resilient to several security attacks. Simulation results demonstrate the increase in sellers\u2019 and buyers\u2019 welfare by approximately 76.5% and 26%, respectively. The proposed system ensures trustfulness and guarantees efficient energy allocation. The benchmark analysis proves that SPETS consumes few resources in terms of memory and disk usage, CPU, and network utilization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21238121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T03:10:38Z","timestamp":1638760238000},"page":"8121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["SPETS: Secure and Privacy-Preserving Energy Trading System in Microgrid"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4591-1882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Samy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Computers and Information, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Egypt"}]},{"given":"Haining","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Hongli","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Guangyao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Branch of the National Internet Emergency Response Center, Harbin 150001, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.06.054","article-title":"Designing microgrid energy markets: A case study: The Brooklyn Microgrid","volume":"210","author":"Mengelkamp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. 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