{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T18:37:42Z","timestamp":1778611062687,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Contact Endoscopy (CE) and Narrow Band Imaging (NBI) are optical imaging modalities that can provide enhanced and magnified visualization of the superficial vascular networks in the laryngeal mucosa. The similarity of vascular structures between benign and malignant lesions causes a challenge in the visual assessment of CE-NBI images. The main objective of this study is to use Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNN) for the automatic classification of CE-NBI images into benign and malignant groups with minimal human intervention. (2) Methods: A pretrained Res-Net50 model combined with the cut-off-layer technique was selected as the DCNN architecture. A dataset of 8181 CE-NBI images was used during the fine-tuning process in three experiments where several models were generated and validated. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were calculated as the performance metrics in each validation and testing scenario. (3) Results: Out of a total of 72 trained and tested models in all experiments, Model 5 showed high performance. This model is considerably smaller than the full ResNet50 architecture and achieved the testing accuracy of 0.835 on the unseen data during the last experiment. (4) Conclusion: The proposed fine-tuned ResNet50 model showed a high performance to classify CE-NBI images into the benign and malignant groups and has the potential to be part of an assisted system for automatic laryngeal cancer detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21238157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T02:48:13Z","timestamp":1638845293000},"page":"8157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Deep Convolution Neural Network for Laryngeal Cancer Classification on Contact Endoscopy-Narrow Band Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9741-9788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazila","family":"Esmaeili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INKA\u2014Innovation Laboratory for Image Guided Therapy, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures and Augmented Reality, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5970-6313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esam","family":"Sharaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INKA\u2014Innovation Laboratory for Image Guided Therapy, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9532-8580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elmer Jeto","family":"Gomes Ataide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INKA\u2014Innovation Laboratory for Image Guided Therapy, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0118-0483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Illanes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INKA\u2014Innovation Laboratory for Image Guided Therapy, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5874-7145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Axel","family":"Boese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INKA\u2014Innovation Laboratory for Image Guided Therapy, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0283-9216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Davaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Magdeburg University Hospital, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8072-1438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Arens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Giessen University Hospital, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6032-5611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nassir","family":"Navab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures and Augmented Reality, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8624-0800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Friebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INKA\u2014Innovation Laboratory for Image Guided Therapy, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"IDTM GmbH, 45657 Recklinghausen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e050387","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-050387","article-title":"Temporal trends in incidence and mortality rates of laryngeal cancer at the global, regional and national levels, 1990\u20132017","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11900","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30218-x","article-title":"Comparison between transoral laser surgery and radiotherapy in the treatment of early glottic cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Dedivitis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. 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