{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T02:30:58Z","timestamp":1773109858613,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Agriculture in Krak\u00f3w","award":["1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Creating and maintaining the microclimate in livestock buildings is associated with numerous engineering and technical challenges. Together with adequate feeding, the microclimate determines the health, reproductive ability, and production potential of the animals (obtaining a maximum amount of high-quality products). One of the deciding steps in improving the parameters of microclimate, i.e., temperature and humidity in agricultural facilities, particularly in livestock buildings, is to develop reliable and highly efficient air curtains in the vestibules. The objective of the manuscript is to investigate the parameters of the microclimate in livestock buildings using the air curtain, supported by automation and ICT technologies for rational operating modes. The presented theoretical and experimental studies on improving the microclimate parameters in livestock buildings were carried out using an innovative air curtain system. Its power is calculated based on the dimensions of the room, and the flow rate of warm air near the floor level is three times lower than at the installation site. The use of air curtains reduces consumption of thermal energy needed to maintain an optimal microclimate for livestock by 10\u201315%. Furthermore, the use of an automated digital control system maintains an optimal microclimate in the building. The developed energy-saving system for creating an optimal micro-climate in livestock buildings using air curtains was tested in a pigsty of the Research and Training Farm \u201cVorzel\u201d of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, located in the Kiev region. The developed automated microclimate system using air curtains significantly improves the microclimate parameters and significantly reduces power consumption. The system can be further developed by adding remote control based on the Internet of Things (IoT) technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21248182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T23:30:00Z","timestamp":1639006200000},"page":"8182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Automated Microclimate Regulation in Agricultural Facilities Using the Air Curtain System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7682-280X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolay","family":"Kiktev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automation and Robotic Systems, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, 03041 Kyiv, Ukraine"},{"name":"Department of Intelligent Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrs\u2019ka Str., 64\/13, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6356-1230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taras","family":"Lendiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automation and Robotic Systems, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, 03041 Kyiv, Ukraine"}]},{"given":"Viktor","family":"Vasilenkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Heat Power Engineering, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, 03041 Kyiv, Ukraine"}]},{"given":"Oksana","family":"Kapral\u0443uk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Scientific Agricultural Library of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Str. Mikhail Omelyanovich-Pavlenko, 9, 01010 Kyiv, Ukraine"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9086-3672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taras","family":"Hutsol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanics and Agroecosystems Engineering, Polissia National University, Stary Boulevard, 7, 10008 Zhytomyr, Ukraine"},{"name":"Department of Machine Use in Agriculture, Dmytro Motornyi Tavria State Agrotechnological University, B. Khmelnytsky Ave., 18, 72312 Melitopol, Ukraine"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0373-6633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szymon","family":"Glowacki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4847-8743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Kubo\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production Engineering, Logistics and Applied Computer Science, Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, University of Agriculture in Krak\u00f3w, Balicka 116B, 30-149 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Eastern European State College of Higher Education in Przemy\u015bl, Ksi\u0105\u017c\u0105t Lubomirskich 6, 37-700 Przemy\u015bl, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8001-2092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zbigniew","family":"Kowalczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production Engineering, Logistics and Applied Computer Science, Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, University of Agriculture in Krak\u00f3w, Balicka 116B, 30-149 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Mishurov, N.P., and Kuzmina, T.N. (2021, November 21). Energy-saving equipment for providing a microclimate in livestock buildings. Scientific analytical review. Moscow 2004. [Energosberegajushhee Oborudovanie dlja Obespechenija Mikroklimata v Zhivotnovodcheskih Pomeshhenijah]. (In Russian)."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Amerkhanov, R.A., Garkavy, K.A., and Shevchuk, I.V. (2003, January 14\u201315). The Solution of the Air Exchange Problem in the Livestock Building [Reshenie zadachi vozduhoobmena v zhivotnovodcheskom pomeschenii]. Proceedings of the 3rd International Scientific and Technical Conference \u201cEnergy supply and energy saving in agriculture\u201d, Moscow, Russia. (In Russian)."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Akhundov, D.S., Murusidze, D.N., Erokhina, A.I., Chugunok, A.I., and Hares, A.M. (2002). Microclimate of Livestock Buildings and Energy Saving [Mikroklimat Zhyvotnovodcheskikh Pomeshhenij y Energosberezhenie], Mechanization and Electrification of Agriculture. (In Russian)."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"18","article-title":"Energy-saving ventilation system for livestock buildings [Energosberegayushhaya sistema ventylyacii dlya zhyvotnovodcheskikh pomeshhenij]","volume":"5","author":"Achapkin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tract. Agric. Mach."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Borodin, I.F., Rudobashta, S.P., and Samarin, V.A. (2002). Energy-Saving Technologies for the Formation of an Optimal Microclimate in Livestock Buildings: Technological and Technical Support for the Production of Livestock Products [Energosberegayushhie Texnologii Formirovaniya Optimal\u2018nogo Mikroklimata v Zhyvotnovodcheskix Pomeshheniyakh], Scientific works of the All-Russian Institute of Agricultural Mechanization. (In Russian)."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"87","article-title":"The numerical simulation of hydrodynamics and mass transfer processes for ventilating system effective location","volume":"55","author":"Gorobets","year":"2018","journal-title":"INMATEH-Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"292","article-title":"Numerical Modeling Of Heat Transfer And Hydrodynamics In Compact Shifted Arrangement Small Diameter Tube Bundles","volume":"7","author":"Gorobets","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Comput. Mech."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.35633\/INMATEH-59-01","article-title":"Experimental studies and numerical simulation of speed modes of air environment in a poultry house","volume":"58","author":"Trokhaniak","year":"2019","journal-title":"INMATEH-Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"95","article-title":"Modelling of an Actuator in the Vacuum Control System of an Autonomous Milking Machine","volume":"20","author":"Lis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Hnatiienko, H. (2019, January 28). Choice Manipulation in Multicriteria Optimization Problems. Proceedings of the XIX International Scientific and Practical Conference Information Technologies and Security (ITS 2019), Kyiv, Ukraine."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nalyvaiko, V., Radko, I., Zhyltsov, A., Okushko, O., Mishchenko, A., and Antypov, I. (2020, January 23). Investigation of Termomodernized Building\u2019s Microclimate with Renewable Energy. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference\u2014Renewable Energy Sources (ICoRES 2019), Krynica, Poland.","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/202015407011"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4921","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-019-01946-3","article-title":"Energy-saving automated system for microclimate in agricultural premises with utilization of ventilation air","volume":"26","author":"Tikhomirov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.26444\/aaem\/81314","article-title":"Biomonitoring the indoor environment of agricultural buildings","volume":"25","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-019-7608-8","article-title":"Analysis of the indoor environment of agricultural constructions in the context of sustainability","volume":"191","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiktev, N., Chichikalo, N., Rozorinov, H., Filippov, R., and Khort, D. (2018, January 9\u201312). Infocomunication technology for determination of coal ash-content on the conveyor line. Proceedings of the 2018 International Scientific-Practical Conference on Problems of Infocommunications Science and Technology, Kharkiv, Ukraine.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOMMST.2018.8632108"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pasichnyk, N., Komarchuk, D., Opryshko, O., Shvorov, S., Reshetiuk, V., and Bahatska, O. (2021, January 22\u201326). Technologies for Environmental Monitoring of the City. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE 16th International Conference on the Experience of Designing and Application of CAD Systems (CADSM), Lviv, Ukraine.","DOI":"10.1109\/CADSM52681.2021.9385213"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Kiktev, N., Lendiel, T., and Osypenko, V. (2020, January 2\u20133). Application of the Internet of Things technology in the automation of the production of compound feed and premixes. Proceedings of the Information Technologies and Interactions Conference Proceedings, CEUR.ws, Kyiv, Ukraine. Available online: http:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-2833\/."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012036","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/880\/1\/012036","article-title":"Energy efficient methods of protecting buildings from cold air flows","volume":"880","author":"Shelekhov","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2020.08.052","article-title":"Energy-efficient thermoelectric unit for microclimate control on cattlebreeding premises","volume":"6","author":"Tikhomirov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Kuzmichev, A., Tikhomirov, D., Trunov, S., Kuzmichev, I., and Lamonov, N. (2019). Modular Thermal Air Curtain for Protection of Gate Openings with Variable Vector of Air Jet Direction and Adjustable Width of Slot. (RU 2716299 C1, 11.03.2020. Application No. 2019125012), Invention Patent, (In Russian)."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H.K., Kang, G.C., Moon, J.P., Lee, T.S., and Oh, S.S. (2018). Estimation of Thermal Performance and Heat Loss in Plastic Greenhouses with and without Thermal Curtains. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11030578"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akrami, M., Mutlum, C.D., Javadi, A.A., Salah, A.H., Fath, H.E., Dibaj, M., Farmani, R., Mohammed, R.H., and Negm, A. (2021). Analysis of Inlet Configurations on the Microclimate Conditions of a Novel Standalone Agricultural Greenhouse for Egypt Using Computational Fluid Dynamics. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13031446"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"08005","article-title":"Energy Efficient Air Curtains for Industrial Gates in Cold. E3S Web of Conferences","volume":"246","author":"Strongin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cold Clim. HVAC Energy"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"2021","article-title":"The effect of vertical and horizontal air curtain on smoke and heat control in the multi-storey building","volume":"40","author":"Safarzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2006.04.005","article-title":"Three-dimensional effects of an air curtain used to restrict cold room infiltration","volume":"31","author":"Foster","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Model."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"47","article-title":"Modelling Reliability of Henhouse Microclimate Systems with Risk Analysis Approaches","volume":"21","author":"Gonera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tryhuba, A., Hutsol, T., Glowacki, S., Tryhuba, I., Tabor, S., Kwasniewski, D., Sorokin, D., and Yermakov, S. (2021). Forecasting Quantitative Risk Indicators of Investors in Projects of Biohydrogen Production from Agricultural Raw Materials. Processes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr9020258"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"07010","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/202128007010","article-title":"Ways to increase the production efficiency of hardwood blanks","volume":"280","author":"Mazurchuk","year":"2021","journal-title":"E3S Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012080","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/1164\/1\/012080","article-title":"Study of resistance of thermomodified wood to the influence of natural conditions","volume":"1164","author":"Tsapko","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"109","article-title":"Establishing regularities in the propagation of phase transformation front during timber thermal modification","volume":"1","author":"Tsapko","year":"2021","journal-title":"East.-Eur. J. Enterp. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"871","article-title":"Quality assessment of lumber after low temperature drying from the view of stochastic process characteristics","volume":"61","author":"Pinchevska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wood Res."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"105","article-title":"Determination of the wood thermodinamic characteristics at convection drying","volume":"59","author":"Pinchevska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Fac. Xylologiae Zvolen Respublica Slovaca"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"123","article-title":"Selection of the efficient drying schedule in conventional chambers","volume":"60","author":"Pinchevska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Fac. Xylologiae Zvolen"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"25","article-title":"Properties of Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) wood thermally treated under different conditions","volume":"61","author":"Pinchevska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Fac. Xylologiae Zvolen"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"119","article-title":"Durability of kitchen furniture made from medium-density fibreboard (MDF)","volume":"63","author":"Pinchevska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Fac. Xylologiae Zvolen"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"06001","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/202015406001","article-title":"Justification of Parameters of the Energy Supply System of Agricultural Enterprises with Using Wind Power Installations","volume":"154","author":"Tryhuba","year":"2020","journal-title":"E3S Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"70","article-title":"Mass transfer management and deposition of contaminants within car road zones","volume":"1","author":"Ivanyshyn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vide Tehnol. Resur.-Environ. Technol. Resour."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiktev, N., Osypenko, V., Shkurpela, N., and Balaniuk, A. (2021, January 22\u201325). Input Data Clustering for the Efficient Operation of Renewable Energy Sources in a Distributed Information System. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 15th International Scientific and Technical Conference on Computer Sciences and Information Technologies, Lviv, Ukraine.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSIT49958.2020.9321940"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2021, October 11). Normal Distribution (Gaussian) in Excel [Normal\u2019noe Raspredelenie (Gaussa) v Excel]. (In Russian)."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kravchenko, Y., Leshchenko, O., Dakhno, N., Trush, O., and Makhovych, O. (2019, January 18\u201320). Evaluating the Effectiveness of Cloud Services. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Trends in Informati on Theory (ATIT), Kyiv, Ukraine.","DOI":"10.1109\/ATIT49449.2019.9030430"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiktev, N., Didyk, A., and Antonevych, M. (2020, January 6\u20139). Simulation of Multi-Agent Architectures for Fruit and Berry Picking Robot in Active-HDL. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Problems of Infocommunications. Science and Technology (PIC S&T), Kharkiv, Ukraine.","DOI":"10.1109\/PICST51311.2020.9467936"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/24\/8182\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:43:00Z","timestamp":1760168580000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/24\/8182"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s21248182"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21248182","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]]}}}