{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T15:38:10Z","timestamp":1774021090407,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Large-scale IoT applications with dozens of thousands of geo-distributed IoT devices creating enormous volumes of data pose a big challenge for designing communication systems that provide data delivery with low latency and high scalability. In this paper, we investigate a hierarchical Edge-Cloud publish\/subscribe brokers model using an efficient two-tier routing scheme to alleviate these issues when transmitting event notifications in wide-scale IoT systems. In this model, IoT devices take advantage of proximate edge brokers strategically deployed in edge networks for data delivery services in order to reduce latency. To deliver data more efficiently, we propose a proactive mechanism that applies collaborative filtering techniques to efficiently cluster edge brokers with geographic proximity that publish and\/or subscribe to similar topics. This allows brokers in the same cluster to exchange data directly with each other to further reduce data delivery latency. In addition, we devise a coordinative scheme to help brokers discover and bridge similar topic channels in the whole system, informing other brokers for data delivery in an efficient manner. Extensive simulation results prove that our model can adeptly support event notifications in terms of low latency, small amounts of relay traffic, and high scalability for large-scale, delay-sensitive IoT applications. Specifically, in comparison with other similar Edge-Cloud approaches, our proposal achieves the best in terms of relay traffic among brokers, about 7.77% on average. In addition, our model\u2019s average delivery latency is approximately 66% of PubSubCoord-alike\u2019s one.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21248232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T21:46:58Z","timestamp":1639086418000},"page":"8232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Efficient Solution for Large-Scale IoT Applications with Proactive Edge-Cloud Publish\/Subscribe Brokers Clustering"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1141-5204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Van-Nam","family":"Pham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6411-4467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ga-Won","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3940-3929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"VanDung","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0184-6975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eui-Nam","family":"Huh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2013.01.010","article-title":"Internet of things (iot): A vision, architectural elements and future directions","volume":"29","author":"Gubbi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2444095","article-title":"Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications","volume":"17","author":"Guizani","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mell, P., and Grance, T. (2011). The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing, National Institute of Standards and Technology. NIST Special Publications SP 800-145.","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.800-145"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonomi, F., Milito, R., Zhu, J., and Addepalli, S. (2012, January 17). Fog computing and its role in the internet of things. Proceedings of the First Edition of the MCCWorkshop on Mobile Cloud Computing, Helsinki, Finland.","DOI":"10.1145\/2342509.2342513"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2651","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2872606","article-title":"Observing the pulse of a city: A smart city framework for real-time discovery, federation, and aggregation of data streams","volume":"6","author":"Kolozali","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavlopoulou, N., and Curry, E. (2021). IoTSAX: A Dynamic Abstractive Entity Summarisation Approach with Approximation and Embedding-based Reasoning Rules in Publish\/Subscribe Systems. IEEE Internet Things J., accepted.","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3089931"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7024","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3037109","article-title":"ComPath: User interest mining in heterogeneous signed social networks for Internet of people","volume":"8","author":"Dhelim","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"80","article-title":"Towards a large scale iot through partnership, incentive, and services: A vision, architecture, and future directions","volume":"5","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open J. Internet Things (OJIOT)"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24617","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-018-7049-3","article-title":"A distributed multi-layer MEC-cloud architecture for processing large scale IoT-based multimedia applications","volume":"78","author":"Almajali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1145\/857076.857078","article-title":"The many faces of publish\/subscribe","volume":"35","author":"Eugster","year":"2003","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv. CSUR"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahimian, F., Girdzijauskas, S., Payberah, A.H., and Haridi, S. (2011, January 16\u201320). Vitis: A Gossip-based Hybrid Overlay for Internet-scale Publish\/Subscribe Enabling Rendezvous Routing in Unstructured Overlay Networks. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Parallel & Distributed Processing Symposium, Anchorage, AK, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IPDPS.2011.75"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Setty, V., Kreitz, G., Vitenberg, R., Van Steen, M., Urdaneta, G., and Gim\u00e5ker, S. (July, January 29). The hidden pub\/sub of spotify: (Industry article). Proceedings of the 7th ACM International Conference on Distributed Event-Based Systems, Arlington, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antonic, A., Roankovic, K., Marjanovic, M., Pripuic, K., and Arko, I.P. (2014, January 27\u201329). A Mobile Crowdsensing Ecosystem Enabled by a Cloud-Based Publish\/Subscribe Middleware. Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Future Internet of Things and Cloud, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/FiCloud.2014.27"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1147\/JRD.2010.2089662","article-title":"Sensor Andrew: Large-scale campus-wide sensing and actuation","volume":"55","author":"Rowe","year":"2011","journal-title":"IBM J. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Menzel, T., Karowski, N., Happ, D., Handziski, V., and Wolisz, A. (2014, January 9). Social sensor cloud: An architecture meeting cloud-centric iot platform requirements. Proceedings of the 9th KuVS NGSDP Expert Talk on Next Generation Service Delivery Platforms, Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2021, September 10). Message Queue Telemetry Transport. Available online: http:\/\/mqtt.org\/."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, C., Tock, Y., Jacobsen, H., and Vitenberg, R. (July, January 29). Weighted Overlay Design for Topic-Based Publish\/Subscribe Systems on Geo-Distributed Data Centers. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 35th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, Columbus, OH, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2015.55"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, Y., Zhang, Y., Jacobsen, H.-A., Tang, L., Elliott, G., Zhang, G., Chen, X., and Chen, J. (2019). Using Machine Learning to Provide Reliable Differentiated Services for IoT in SDN-Like Publish\/Subscribe Middleware. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19061449"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1700298","article-title":"Enabling cognitive smart cities using big data and machine learning: Approaches and challenges","volume":"56","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2015.12.023","article-title":"Urban planning and building smart cities based on the internet of things using big data analytics","volume":"101","author":"Rathore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Martins, J. (2018). Towards Smart City Innovation under the Perspective of Software-Defined Networking, Artificial Intelligence and Big Data. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2019.1800603","article-title":"Routing for Crowd Management in Smart Cities: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Perspective","volume":"57","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arruda, C.E., Moraes, P.F., Agoulmine, N., and Martins, J.S. (2020, January 24\u201326). Enhanced Pub\/Sub Communications for Massive IoT Traffic with SARSA Reinforcement Learning. Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning for Networking, Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-70866-5_13"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2021, September 10). Firebase Cloud Messaging. Available online: https:\/\/firebase.google.com\/docs\/cloud-messaging\/."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2021, September 10). IoTivity Software Framework. Available online: https:\/\/iotivity.org\/."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Girdzijauskas, S., Chockler, G., Vigfusson, Y., Tock, Y., and Melamed, R. (2010, January 12\u201315). Magnet: Practical subscription clustering for internet-scale publish\/subscribe. Proceedings of the 4th ACM International Conference on Distributed Event-Based Systems (DEBS), Cambridge, UK.","DOI":"10.1145\/1827418.1827456"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chockler, G., Melamed, R., Tock, Y., and Vitenberg, R. (2007, January 20\u201322). Spidercast: A scalable interest-aware overlay for topic-based pub\/sub communication. Proceedings of the 2007 Inaugural International Conference on Distributed Event-Based Systems, Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/1266894.1266899"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gascon-Samson, J., Garcia, F., Kemme, B., and Kienzle, J. (July, January 29). Dynamoth: A Scalable Pub\/Sub Middleware for Latency-Constrained Applications in the Cloud. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 35th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, Columbus, OH, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2015.56"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"An, K., Khare, S., Gokhale, A., and Hakiri, A. (2017, January 19\u201323). An autonomous and dynamic coordination and discovery service for wide-area peer-to-peer publish\/subscribe: Experience paper. Proceedings of the 11th ACM International Conference on Distributed and Event-Based Systems, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1145\/3093742.3093910"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Happ, D. (2018). Cloud and fog computing in the internet of things. Internet of Things A to Z: Technologies and Applications, Wiley Online Library.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119456735.ch4"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6900","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2778504","article-title":"A survey on the edge computing for the Internet of Things","volume":"6","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koren, Y., and Bell, R. (2015). Chapter Advances in Collaborative Filtering. Recommender Systems Handbook, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-7637-6_3"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Y., Koren, Y., and Volinsky, C. (2008, January 15\u201319). Collaborative filtering for implicit feedback datasets. Proceedings of the 2008 Eighth IEEE International Conference on Data Mining, Pisa, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDM.2008.22"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossetti, M., Stella, F., and Zanker, M. (2013, January 26\u201330). Towards explaining latent factors with topic models in collaborative recommender systems. Proceedings of the 2013 24th International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications, Los Alamitos, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/DEXA.2013.26"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/1644873.1644874","article-title":"Factor in the neighbors: Scalable and accurate collaborative filtering","volume":"4","author":"Koren","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Knowl. Discov. Data"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Pan, R., and Scholz, M. (July, January 28). Mind the gaps: Weighting the unknown in large-scale one-class collaborative filtering. Proceedings of the 15th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Paterek, A. (2007, January 12). Improving regularized singular value decomposition for collaborative filtering. Proceedings of the KDD Cup and Workshop, San Jose, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1145\/1345448.1345466","article-title":"Major components of the gravity recommendation system","volume":"9","author":"Tikk","year":"2007","journal-title":"ACM Sigkdd Explor. Newsl."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campello, R.J., Moulavi, D., and Sander, J. (2013, January 14\u201317). Density-based clustering based on hierarchical density estimates. Proceedings of the Pacific-Asia Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, Gold Coast, Australia.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-37456-2_14"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Kim, K., and Venkatasubramanian, N. (July, January 29). Dynatops: A dynamic topic-based publish\/subscribe architecture. Proceedings of the 7th ACM International Conference on Distributed Event-Based Systems, Arlington, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pham, V.-N., Nguyen, V., Nguyen, T.D.T., and Huh, E.-N. (2020). Efficient Edge-Cloud Publish\/Subscribe Broker Overlay Networks to Support Latency-Sensitive Wide-Scale IoT Applications. Symmetry, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12010003"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2021, August 11). SimPy. Available online: https:\/\/simpy.readthedocs.io\/en\/latest\/."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2021, August 11). Starbucks Store Location Data. Available online: https:\/\/data.world\/data-hut\/starbucks-store-location-data."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Wong, T., Katz, R., and Mccanne, S. (2000, January 26\u201330). An evaluation of preference clustering in large-scale multicast applications. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM, Tel Aviv, Israel."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/24\/8232\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:44:08Z","timestamp":1760168648000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/24\/8232"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s21248232"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21248232","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]]}}}