{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T09:02:21Z","timestamp":1768986141381,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Secretar\u00eda de Educaci\u00f3n P\u00fablica (SEP)","award":["511-6\/2020-7841"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["511-6\/2020-7841"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The fetal autonomic nervous system responds to uterine contractions during active labor as identified by changes in the accelerations and decelerations of fetal heart rate (FHR). Thus, this exploratory study aimed to characterize the asymmetry differences of beat-to-beat FHR accelerations and decelerations in preterm and term fetuses during active labor. In an observational study, we analyzed 10 min of fetal R-R series collected from women during active preterm labor (32\u201336 weeks of pregnancy, n = 17) and active term labor (38\u201340 weeks of pregnancy, n = 27). These data were used to calculate the Deceleration Reserve (DR), which is a novel parameter that quantifies the asymmetry of the average acceleration and deceleration capacity of the heart. In addition, relevant multiscale asymmetric indices of FHR were also computed. Lower values of DR, calculated with the input parameters of T = 50 and s = 10, were associated with labor occurring at the preterm condition (p = 0.0131). Multiscale asymmetry indices also confirmed significant (p &lt; 0.05) differences in the asymmetry of FHR. Fetuses during moderate premature labor may experience more decaying R-R trends and a lower magnitude of decelerations compared to term fetuses. These differences of FHR dynamics might be related to the immaturity of the fetal cardiac autonomic nervous system as identified by this system response to the intense uterine activity at active labor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21248249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T08:17:58Z","timestamp":1639124278000},"page":"8249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Differences in the Asymmetry of Beat-to-Beat Fetal Heart Rate Accelerations and Decelerations at Preterm and Term Active Labor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Carolina","family":"L\u00f3pez-Justo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina (School of Medicine), Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de M\u00e9xico (Autonomous University of Mexico State), Toluca de Lerdo 50180, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adriana Cristina","family":"Pliego-Carrillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina (School of Medicine), Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de M\u00e9xico (Autonomous University of Mexico State), Toluca de Lerdo 50180, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia Ivette","family":"Ledesma-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina (School of Medicine), Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de M\u00e9xico (Autonomous University of Mexico State), Toluca de Lerdo 50180, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3492-8950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Mendieta-Zer\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina (School of Medicine), Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de M\u00e9xico (Autonomous University of Mexico State), Toluca de Lerdo 50180, Mexico"},{"name":"Hospital Materno Perinatal M\u00f3nica Pretelini S\u00e1enz, Instituto de Salud del Estado de M\u00e9xico (Health Institute of Mexico State), Toluca de Lerdo 50010, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"Pe\u00f1a-Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas e Ingenier\u00eda (Basic Science and Engineering Division), Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa (Metropolitan Autonomous University Campus Iztapalapa), Iztapalapa 09340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Echeverr\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas e Ingenier\u00eda (Basic Science and Engineering Division), Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa (Metropolitan Autonomous University Campus Iztapalapa), Iztapalapa 09340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Arce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda (School of Engineering), Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de M\u00e9xico (Autonomous University of Mexico State), Toluca de Lerdo 50100, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5361-5007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Javier","family":"Reyes-Lagos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina (School of Medicine), Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de M\u00e9xico (Autonomous University of Mexico State), Toluca de Lerdo 50180, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jelinek, H.F., Cornforth, D.J., and Khandoker, A.H. 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