{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T11:07:13Z","timestamp":1782644833694,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005073","name":"Agency for Defense Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UD190007GD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UD190007GD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005073","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Raman spectroscopy, which analyzes a Raman scattering spectrum of a target, has emerged as a key technology for non-contact chemical agent (CA) detection. Many CA detection algorithms based on Raman spectroscopy have been studied. However, the baseline, which is caused by fluorescence generated when measuring the Raman scattering spectrum, degrades the performance of CA detection algorithms. Therefore, we propose a baseline correction algorithm that removes the baseline, while minimizing the distortion of the Raman scattering spectrum. Assuming that the baseline is a linear combination of broad Gaussian vectors, we model the measured spectrum as a linear combination of broad Gaussian vectors, bases of background materials and the reference spectra of target CAs. Then, we estimate the baseline and Raman scattering spectrum together using the least squares method. Design parameters of the broad Gaussian vectors are discussed. The proposed algorithm requires reference spectra of target CAs and the background basis matrix. Such prior information can be provided when applying the CA detection algorithm. Via the experiment with real CA spectra measured by the Raman spectrometer, we show that the proposed baseline correction algorithm is more effective for removing the baseline and improving the detection performance, than conventional baseline correction algorithms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21248260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T01:29:33Z","timestamp":1639358973000},"page":"8260","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["An Effective Baseline Correction Algorithm Using Broad Gaussian Vectors for Chemical Agent Detection with Known Raman Signature Spectra"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6462-6016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyeong Geun","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong Jo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6496-4189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong Eui","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyunwoo","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chem-Bio Technology Center, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon 34188, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-009-2844-3","article-title":"Laser-based Standoff Detection of Explosives: A Critical Review","volume":"395","author":"Wallin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slamani, M.A., Chyba, T.H., Lavelly, H., and Emge, D. (2007, January 26\u201330). Spectral Unmixing of Agents on Surfaces for the Joint Contaminated Surface Detector (JCSD). Proceedings of the Signal and Data Processing of Small Targets 2007, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.731496"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ponsardin, P.L., Higdon, N.S., Chyba, T.H., Armstrong, W.T., Sedlacek, I.A.J., Chirstensen, S.D., and Wong, A. (2003, January 27\u201331). Expanding Applications for Surface-contaminant Sensing Using the Laser Interrogation of Surface Agents (LISA) Technique. Proceedings of the Chemical and Biological Standoff Detection, Providence, RI, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.519591"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"McCreery, R.L. (2005). Raman Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, Inc."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Wang, W., Adali, T., Li, H., and Emge, D. (2005, January 28\u201330). Detection Using Correlation Bound and its Application to Raman Spectroscopy. Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Machine Learning for Signal Processing, Mystic, CT, USA."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palkki, R.D., and Lanterman, A.D. (2010, January 5\u20139). A Nonnegative Matrix Factorization Algorithm for the Detection of Chemicals from an Incomplete Raman Library. Proceedings of the Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosives (CBRNE) Sensing XI, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.850644"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s11265-006-0039-0","article-title":"Non-negative Matrix Factorization with Orthogonality Constraints and its Application to Raman Spectroscopy","volume":"48","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Vlsi Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Emge, D., and Kay, S. (2017, January 6\u20137). Non-negative Matrix Factorization with Orthogonality Constraints and its Application to Raman Spectroscopy. Proceedings of the 2017 Sensor Signal Processing for Defence Conference (SSPD), London, UK."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s11265-011-0625-7","article-title":"A Novel Approach for Target Detection and Classification Using Canonical Correlation Analysis","volume":"68","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Signal Process. Syst."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2012.6129647","article-title":"Autoregressive Modeling of Raman Spectra for Detection and Classification of Surface Chemicals","volume":"48","author":"Ding","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1366\/0003702953964039","article-title":"Fluorescence Rejection in Raman Spectroscopy by Shifted-Spectra, Edge Detection, and FFT Filtering Techniques","volume":"395","author":"Mosier","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1366\/0003702991945993","article-title":"Efficient Rejection of Fluorescence from Raman Spectra Using Picosecond Kerr Gating","volume":"53","author":"Matousek","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Spectros."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1138028","article-title":"Fluorescence Rejection in Raman-spectroscopy by a Gated Single-photon Counting Method","volume":"56","author":"Watanabe","year":"1985","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1646743","article-title":"Effective Suppression of Fluorescence Light in Raman Measurements Using Ultrafast Time Gated Charge Coupled Device Camera","volume":"75","author":"Martyshkin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1366\/000370207781269873","article-title":"Fluorescence Rejection in Resonance Raman Spectroscopy Using a Picosecond-gated Intensified Charge-coupled Device Camera","volume":"61","author":"Efremov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Spectros."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1006\/jmre.2000.2121","article-title":"Improved Baseline Recognition and Modeling of FT NMR Spectra","volume":"148","author":"Golotvin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1366\/000370206776342553","article-title":"Optimization of the Rolling-Circle Filter for Raman Background Subtraction","volume":"3","author":"Brandt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3631","DOI":"10.1021\/ac034173t","article-title":"A Perfect Smoother","volume":"75","author":"Eilers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1039\/b922045c","article-title":"Baseline Correction Using Adaptive Iteratively Reweighted Penalized Least Squares","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1039\/C4AN01061B","article-title":"Baseline Correction Using Asymmetrically Reweighted Penalized Least Squares Smoothing","volume":"140","author":"Baek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113601","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3506203","article-title":"Chemical Mixture Estimation under a Poisson Raman Spectroscopy Model","volume":"49","author":"Palkki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2013.2294804","article-title":"Long-Wave Infrared Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of Chemical Clouds","volume":"31","author":"Manolakis","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/fact.1008","article-title":"Toxic Cloud Imaging by Infrared Spectrometry: A Scanning FTIR System for Identification and Visualization","volume":"5","author":"Harig","year":"2001","journal-title":"Field Anal. Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Chitode, J.S. (2008). Digital Signal Processing, Technical Publications."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"247","article-title":"Development of an Ultraviolet Raman Spectrometer for Standoff Detection of Chemicals","volume":"1","author":"Ha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opt. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1002\/bkcs.11679","article-title":"Analysis of Raman Spectral Characteristics of Chemical Warfare Agents by Using 248 nm UV Raman Spectroscopy","volume":"40","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. Korean Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1109\/36.934072","article-title":"Hyperspectral Subpixel Target Detection Using the Linear Mixing Model","volume":"39","author":"Manolakis","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/24\/8260\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:45:17Z","timestamp":1760168717000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/24\/8260"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s21248260"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21248260","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]]}}}