{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T21:09:12Z","timestamp":1775509752596,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,11]],"date-time":"2021-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish Ministry of Defense","award":["GBMON\/13996\/2018\/WAT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GBMON\/13996\/2018\/WAT"]}]},{"name":"SERB, DST, Government of India","award":["CRG\/2018\/000175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRG\/2018\/000175"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Czech Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17-27068S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17-27068S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Sustainability Program","award":["LO1401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LO1401"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006141","name":"Military University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UGB\/22-854\/2021\/WAT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UGB\/22-854\/2021\/WAT"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The basic technology that will determine the expansion of the technical capabilities of fifth generation cellular systems is a massive multiple-input-multiple-output. Therefore, assessing the influence of the antenna beam orientations on the radio channel capacity is very significant. In this case, the effects of mismatching the antenna beam directions are crucial. In this paper, the methodology for evaluating changes in the received signal power level due to beam misalignment for the transmitting and receiving antenna systems is presented. The quantitative assessment of this issue is presented based on simulation studies carried out for an exemplary propagation scenario. For non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions, it is shown that the optimal selection of the transmitting and receiving beam directions may ensure an increase in the level of the received signal by several decibels in relation to the coaxial position of the beams. The developed methodology makes it possible to analyze changes in the radio channel capacity versus the signal-to-noise ratio and distance between the transmitter and receiver at optimal and coaxial orientations of antenna beams for various propagation scenarios, considering NLOS conditions. In the paper, the influence of the directional antenna use and their direction choices on the channel capacity versus SNR and the distance between the transmitter and receiver is shown.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21248296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T01:29:33Z","timestamp":1639358973000},"page":"8296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Radio Channel Capacity with Directivity Control of Antenna Beams in Multipath Propagation Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0750-0705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cezary","family":"Zi\u00f3\u0142kowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Communications Systems, Faculty of Electronics, Military University of Technology, 00908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3902-0784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan M.","family":"Kelner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Communications Systems, Faculty of Electronics, Military University of Technology, 00908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4405-2078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Krygier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Communications Systems, Faculty of Electronics, Military University of Technology, 00908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9247-9009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aniruddha","family":"Chandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur 713209, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6026-361X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ale\u0161","family":"Proke\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radio Electronics, Brno University of Technology, 61600 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3619","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2779844","article-title":"A survey on 5G networks for the Internet of Things: Communication technologies and challenges","volume":"6","author":"Akpakwu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2532458","article-title":"Next generation 5G wireless networks: A comprehensive survey","volume":"18","author":"Agiwal","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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