{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T06:46:54Z","timestamp":1778654814833,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,11]],"date-time":"2021-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"2019 Guangzhou philosophy and social science planning project","award":["2019GZGJ237"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019GZGJ237"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The field-of-view (FOV) of compound eyes is an important index for performance evaluation. Most artificial compound eyes are optical, fabricated by imitating insect compound eyes with a fixed FOV that is difficult to adjust over a wide range. The compound eye is of great significance in the field of tracking high-speed moving objects. However, the tracking ability of a compound eye is often limited by its own FOV size and the reaction speed of the rudder unit matched with the compound eye, so that the compound eye cannot better adapt to tracking high-speed moving objects. Inspired by the eyes of many organisms, we propose a soft-array, surface-changing compound eye (SASCE). Taking soft aerodynamic models (SAM) as the carrier and an infrared sensor as the load, the basic model of the variable structure infrared compound eye (VSICE) is established using an array of infrared sensors on the carrier. The VSICE model is driven by air pressure to change the array surface of the infrared sensor. Then, the spatial position of each sensor and its viewing area are changed and, finally, the FOV of the compound eye is changed. Simultaneously, to validate the theory, we measured the air pressure, spatial sensor position, and the FOV of the compound eye. When compared with the current compound eye, the proposed one has a wider adjustable FOV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21248298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T01:29:33Z","timestamp":1639358973000},"page":"8298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Soft Array Surface-Changing Compound Eye"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1804-0495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Center, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8609-1879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuanshuai","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingming","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3111-7511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenkai","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongquan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuming","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phan, H., Yi, J., Bae, J., Ko, H., Lee, S., Cho, D., Seo, J.-M., and Koo, K.-I. (2021). Artificial Compound Eye Systems and Their Application: A Review. Micromachines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi12070847"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1080\/05704928.2017.1324469","article-title":"Recent advances in imaging systems and photonic nanostructures inspired by insect eye geometry","volume":"53","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-016-9513-7","article-title":"Artificial compound eye: A survey of the state-of-the-art","volume":"48","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"031002","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/aaffb5","article-title":"Review of state-of-the-art artificial compound eye imaging systems","volume":"14","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioinspiration Biomim."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, Q., Wang, Z., Cao, J., and Zhang, F. (2018). A Hybrid Bionic Image Sensor Achieving FOV Extension and Foveated Imaging. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18041042"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.483.407","article-title":"Research of Curved Artificial Compound Eyes Based on MEMS Technology","volume":"483","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.07.065","article-title":"Lateral eyes direct principal eyes as jumping spiders track objects","volume":"28","author":"Jakob","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.068510","article-title":"Pupil light reflex in the Atlantic brief squid, Lolliguncula brevis","volume":"215","author":"McCormick","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asd.2008.08.003","article-title":"Visual acuity and sensitivity increase allometrically with body size in butterflies","volume":"38","author":"Rutowski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthropod Struct. Dev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, Q. (2017, January 7\u201310). Research on automatic target acquisition and tracking in an infrared tracking system. Proceedings of the 2017 16th International Conference on Optical Communications and Networks (ICOCN), Wuzhen, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOCN.2017.8121304"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"543","article-title":"A Lagrangian for von Karman equations of large deflection problem of thin circular plate","volume":"143","author":"He","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Comput."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2004.03.012","article-title":"A new approach for bending analysis of thin circular plates with large deflection","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physleta.2007.04.090","article-title":"Modified variational iteration method","volume":"369","author":"Tari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. A"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cam.2006.07.019","article-title":"Toward a modified variational iteration method","volume":"207","author":"Abassy","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Comput. Appl. Math."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1007\/s00707-019-02569-7","article-title":"Generalized variational principles for buckling analysis of circular cylinders","volume":"231","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Mech."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnonlinmec.2015.11.001","article-title":"Nonlocal continuum model for large deformation analysis of SLGSs using the kp-Ritz element-free method","volume":"79","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Non-Linear Mech."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8928(00)00062-9","article-title":"The non-linear theory of the pure bending of prismatic elastic solids","volume":"64","author":"Zelenina","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Math. Mech."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18778","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75346-5","article-title":"A variable structure pneumatic soft robot","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193827","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3032983","article-title":"Multimodal Soft Robot for Complex Environments Using Bionic Omnidirectional Bending Actuator","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705202","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201705202","article-title":"Bioinspired Artificial Eyes: Optic Components, Digital Cameras, and Visual Prostheses","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100144","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202100144","article-title":"MXene-ZnO Memristor for Multimodal In-Sensor Computing","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Jiang, Y., Wang, Y., Miao, Z., Na, J., Zhao, Z., and Yang, C. (2020). Composite-Learning-Based Adaptive Neural Control for Dual-Arm Robots With Relative Motion. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst., 1\u201312."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3824","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2020.2998984","article-title":"Optimal Robot\u2013Environment Interaction Under Broad Fuzzy Neural Adaptive Control","volume":"51","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cybern."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2018.2852711","article-title":"Robot Learning System Based on Adaptive Neural Control and Dynamic Movement Primitives","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2019.04.100","article-title":"A robot learning framework based on adaptive admittance control and generalizable motion modeling with neural network controller","volume":"390","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2018.2864940","article-title":"Finite-Time Convergence Adaptive Fuzzy Control for Dual-Arm Robot With Unknown Kinematics and Dynamics","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3822","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2017.2785415","article-title":"Mind Control of a Robotic Arm with Visual Fusion Technology","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750023","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219843617500232","article-title":"Visual Servoing of Humanoid Dual-Arm Robot with Neural Learning Enhanced Skill Transferring Control","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Humanoid Robot."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/24\/8298\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:45:40Z","timestamp":1760168740000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/24\/8298"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,11]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s21248298"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21248298","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,11]]}}}