{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T06:59:11Z","timestamp":1783666751375,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,12]],"date-time":"2021-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To better understand the biomechanics of para-table tennis players, this study compared the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joint kinematics among able-bodied (AB) and wheelchair players in different classifications. Nineteen participants (AB, n = 9; classification 1 (C1), n = 3; C2, n = 3; C3, n = 4) executed 10 forehand and backhand topspin drives. Shoulder abduction\/adduction, elbow flexion\/extension, wrist extension\/flexion, respective range of motion (ROM), and joint patterns were obtained using inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors. The results showed clear differences in upper limb kinematics between the able-bodied and wheelchair players, especially in the elbow and wrist. For the para-players, noticeable variations in techniques were also observed among the different disability classes. In conclusion, wheelchair players likely adopted distinct movement strategies compared to AB to compensate for their physical impairments and functional limitations. Hence, traditional table tennis programs targeting skills and techniques for able-bodied players are unsuitable for para-players. Future work can investigate how best to customize training programs and to optimize movement strategies for para-players with varied types and degrees of impairment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21248303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T01:29:33Z","timestamp":1639358973000},"page":"8303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Measuring Upper Limb Kinematics of Forehand and Backhand Topspin Drives with IMU Sensors in Wheelchair and Able-Bodied Table Tennis Players"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3887-7118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia-Wen","family":"Yam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6692-368X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing-Wen","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9531-9214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pui-Wah","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616, Singapore"},{"name":"Office of Graduate Studies and Professional Learning, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"ITTF (2021, October 29). Classification Rules for ITTF Para Table Tennis: Rules Consistent with the 2015 IPC Athlete Classification Code and Accompanying International Standards. Available online: https:\/\/www.ipttc.org\/classification\/Rules\/ITTFPTT%20Classification%20Rules%202018.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2013.792948","article-title":"Evaluation of elite table tennis players\u2019 technique effectiveness","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.22190\/FUPES180507014I","article-title":"Effects of technical and tactical characteristics on the performance of the table tennis players","volume":"16","author":"Ivanek","year":"2018","journal-title":"FU Phys. Educ. Sport"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Wang, M.Y., Liu, Y.C., and Chen, C.J. (2013, January 11\u201312). Techniques and Tactics Analysis Related to Personality in Table Tennis Doubles. Proceedings of the 13th ITTF Sports Science Congress, Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/026404102317284754","article-title":"Head, eye and arm coordination in table tennis","volume":"20","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shum, H., and Komura, T. (2005, January 11\u201314). Tracking the Translational and Rotational Movement of the Ball Using High-Speed Camera Movies. Proceedings of the 2005 International Conference on Image Processing, Genoa, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2005.1530584"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rusdorf, S., and Brunnett, G. (2005, January 7\u20139). Real Time Tracking of High Speed Movements in the Context of a Table Tennis Application. Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, Monterey, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1101616.1101657"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1134\/S2075108718010091","article-title":"About motion measurement in sports based on gyroscopes and accelerometers\u2014An engineering point of view","volume":"9","author":"Wagner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gyroscopy Navig."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blank, P., Ho\u00dfbach, J., Schuldhaus, D., and Eskofier, B.M. (2015, January 9\u201311). Sensor-Based Stroke Detection and Stroke Type Classification in Table Tennis. Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers, Osaka, Japan.","DOI":"10.1145\/2802083.2802087"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2020.106504","article-title":"Data acquired by a single object sensor for the detection and quality evaluation of table tennis forehand strokes","volume":"33","author":"Tabrizi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Data Brief"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blank, P., Groh, B.H., and Eskofier, B.M. (2017, January 11\u201315). Ball Speed and Spin Estimation in Table Tennis Using a Racket-Mounted Inertial Sensor. Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers, Maui, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3123021.3123040"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nonaka, Y., Irie, K., Ando, S., and Yamada, Y. (2018, January 25\u201328). Application of IMU-Based Motion Measurement Methods to Table Tennis Coaching. Proceedings of the Symposium on Sports and Human Dynamics, Tokyo, Japan.","DOI":"10.1299\/jsmeshd.2018.B-2"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"8413948","article-title":"Using wearable inertial sensors to estimate kinematic parameters and variability in the table tennis topspin forehand stroke","volume":"2020","author":"Winiarski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Bionics Biomech."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Li, L., Chen, H., Li, Y., Qiu, S., and Gravina, R. (2019, January 2\u20133). Motion Recognition for Smart Sports Based on Wearable Inertial Sensors. Proceedings of the Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-34833-5_10"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Yin, C. (2018, January 29\u201330). Application of Accelerometer in Table Tennis Action Recognition. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dokic, K., Mesic, T., and Martinovic, M. (2020, January 24\u201325). Table Tennis Forehand and Backhand Stroke Recognition Based on Neural Network. Proceedings of the Communicational Conference on Advances in Computinger and Information Science, Valletta, Malta.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-6634-9_3"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, Z., Shu, K.-I., and Zhang, H. (2019, January 29\u201330). Ping Pong Motion Recognition Based on Smart Watch. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Mechatronics Engineering and Information Technology, Dalian, China.","DOI":"10.2991\/icmeit-19.2019.99"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, R., Wang, Z., Shi, X., Zhao, H., Qiu, S., Li, J., and Yang, N. (2019, January 10\u201312). Table Tennis Stroke Recognition Based on Body Sensor Network. Proceedings of the International Conference on Internet and Distributed Computing Systems, Naples, Italy.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-34914-1_1"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167055","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2953772","article-title":"Recognizing ping-pong motions using inertial data based on machine learning classification algorithms","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, S.-M., Oh, H.-C., Kim, J., Lee, J., and Park, J. (2018). LSTM-guided coaching assistant for table tennis practice. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124112"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Sharma, M., Anand, A., Srivastava, R., and Kaligounder, L. (2018). Wearable audio and IMU based shot detection in racquet sports. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"45","article-title":"Is the level of eye-hand coordination and executive functioning related to performance in para table tennis players?\u2014An explorative study","volume":"1","author":"Faber","year":"2019","journal-title":"IJRSS"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Lim, D., Yap, W.B., Tan, Z., Li, H., and Teng, P. (2015, January 15\u201317). A Case Study of Para Table Tennis Athlete\u2019s Functional Ability. Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress on Sport Sciences Research and Technology Support, Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"342","article-title":"Design enhancement of overall Paralympics wheelchair for para table tennis competition","volume":"233","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sport Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Li, K.H.H., Lim, S.L., and Ozaki, H. (2016, January 12\u201313). Functional Synthesis of Mechanical Improvement of Wheelchair for Paralympians\u2019 Table Tennis Competition. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference in Sports Science and Technology, Singapore."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0752-4224","article-title":"Association of trunk rotational velocity with spine mobility and curvatures in para table tennis players","volume":"39","author":"Muyor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"377","article-title":"Cognitive profile of young well-trained athletes with intellectual disabilities","volume":"53","author":"Mactavish","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1123\/APAQ.2015-0122","article-title":"Cognitive predictors of performance in well-trained table tennis players with intellectual disability","volume":"33","author":"Mactavish","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adapt. Phys. Activ. Q."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2012.07.004","article-title":"Technical proficiency among table tennis players with and without intellectual disabilities","volume":"31","author":"Mactavish","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2013.825645","article-title":"Tactical proficiency among table tennis players with and without intellectual disabilities","volume":"14","author":"Mactavish","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s12662-019-00575-4","article-title":"Game characteristics in elite para table tennis","volume":"49","author":"Fuchs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ger. J. Exerc. Sport Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Luigi, A.J. (2018). Wheelchair tennis and para-table tennis. Adaptive Sports Medicine: A Clinical Guide, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-56568-2"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong, D.W., Lee, W.C., and Lam, W. (2020). Biomechanics of table tennis: A systematic scoping review of playing levels and maneuvers. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10155203"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2011.629304","article-title":"Kinetics of the upper limb during table tennis topspin forehands in advanced and intermediate players","volume":"10","author":"Iino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sports Biomech."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"637","article-title":"Kinematic comparisons of the shakehand and penhold grips in table tennis forehand and backhand strokes when returning topspin and backspin balls","volume":"19","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2017-0102","article-title":"Three-dimensional kinematics and power output in elite para-kayakers and elite able-bodied flat-water kayakers","volume":"35","author":"Bjerkefors","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1515\/hukin-2017-0110","article-title":"Neuromuscular control during the bench press movement in an elite disabled and able-bodied athlete","volume":"60","author":"Zwierzchowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"IPC (2015). Explanatory Guide to Paralympic Classification: Paralympic Summer Sports, International Paralympic Committee."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"637","article-title":"Correlations between angular velocities in selected joints and velocity of table tennis racket during topspin forehand and backhand","volume":"19","author":"Bankosz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1123\/mc.2017-0057","article-title":"The evaluation of changes in angles in selected joints during topspin forehand in table tennis","volume":"22","author":"Bankosz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Motor Control"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2016.1142108","article-title":"Freestyle race pacing strategies (400 m) of elite able-bodied swimmers and swimmers with disability at major international championships","volume":"34","author":"Taylor","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2018.1534993","article-title":"Joint and plantar loading in table tennis topspin forehand with different footwork","volume":"19","author":"Lam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/24\/8303\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:45:51Z","timestamp":1760168751000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/24\/8303"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,12]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s21248303"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21248303","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,12]]}}}