{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T10:37:29Z","timestamp":1780483049895,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":167,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]],"date-time":"2021-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of artificial intelligence and the Internet of things has motivated extensive research on self-powered flexible sensors. The conventional sensor must be powered by a battery device, while innovative self-powered sensors can provide power for the sensing device. Self-powered flexible sensors can have higher mobility, wider distribution, and even wireless operation, while solving the problem of the limited life of the battery so that it can be continuously operated and widely utilized. In recent years, the studies on piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) and triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have mainly concentrated on self-powered flexible sensors. Self-powered flexible sensors based on PENGs and TENGs have been reported as sensing devices in many application fields, such as human health monitoring, environmental monitoring, wearable devices, electronic skin, human\u2013machine interfaces, robots, and intelligent transportation and cities. This review summarizes the development process of the sensor in terms of material design and structural optimization, as well as introduces its frontier applications in related fields. We also look forward to the development prospects and future of self-powered flexible sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21248422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T02:40:32Z","timestamp":1639968032000},"page":"8422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Recent Advances in Self-Powered Piezoelectric and Triboelectric Sensors: From Material and Structure Design to Frontier Applications of Artificial Intelligence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Zetian","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongtai","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zixuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingjia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binbin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yansong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zefei","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5554-330X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weidong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0068-7343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"},{"name":"The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Space Mapping and Remote Sensing for Planetary Exploration, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800626","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.201800626","article-title":"Flexible Multifunctional Sensors for Wearable and Robotic Applications","volume":"4","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. 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