{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T10:18:41Z","timestamp":1767867521742,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]],"date-time":"2021-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish \u2018Ministerio de Ciencia Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades\u2019 and FEDER program","award":["PGC2018-095747-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PGC2018-095747-B-I00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The computer numerical control (CNC) machine has recently taken a fundamental role in the manufacturing industry, which is essential for the economic development of many countries. Current high quality production standards, along with the requirement for maximum economic benefits, demand the use of tool condition monitoring (TCM) systems able to monitor and diagnose cutting tool wear. Current TCM methodologies mainly rely on vibration signals, cutting force signals, and acoustic emission (AE) signals, which have the common drawback of requiring the installation of sensors near the working area, a factor that limits their application in practical terms. Moreover, as machining processes require the optimal tuning of cutting parameters, novel methodologies must be able to perform the diagnosis under a variety of cutting parameters. This paper proposes a novel non-invasive method capable of automatically diagnosing cutting tool wear in CNC machines under the variation of cutting speed and feed rate cutting parameters. The proposal relies on the sensor information fusion of spindle-motor stray flux and current signals by means of statistical and non-statistical time-domain parameters, which are then reduced by means of a linear discriminant analysis (LDA); a feed-forward neural network is then used to automatically classify the level of wear on the cutting tool. The proposal is validated with a Fanuc Oi mate Computer Numeric Control (CNC) turning machine for three different cutting tool wear levels and different cutting speed and feed rate values.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21248431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T02:40:32Z","timestamp":1639968032000},"page":"8431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["System for Tool-Wear Condition Monitoring in CNC Machines under Variations of Cutting Parameter Based on Fusion Stray Flux-Current Processing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Arturo Yosimar","family":"Jaen-Cuellar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CA Mecatr\u00f3nica, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Campus San Juan del R\u00edo, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Av. R\u00edo Moctezuma 249, San Juan del R\u00edo 76807, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0868-2918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roque Alfredo","family":"Osornio-R\u00edos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CA Mecatr\u00f3nica, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Campus San Juan del R\u00edo, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Av. R\u00edo Moctezuma 249, San Juan del R\u00edo 76807, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Trejo-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CA Mecatr\u00f3nica, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Campus San Juan del R\u00edo, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Av. R\u00edo Moctezuma 249, San Juan del R\u00edo 76807, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8499-3948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Israel","family":"Zamudio-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CA Mecatr\u00f3nica, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Campus San Juan del R\u00edo, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Av. R\u00edo Moctezuma 249, San Juan del R\u00edo 76807, Mexico"},{"name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de la Energ\u00eda, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia (UPV), Camino de Vera s\/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4168-9874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geovanni","family":"D\u00edaz-Salda\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CA Mecatr\u00f3nica, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Campus San Juan del R\u00edo, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Av. R\u00edo Moctezuma 249, San Juan del R\u00edo 76807, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Pablo","family":"Pacheco-Guerrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CA Mecatr\u00f3nica, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Campus San Juan del R\u00edo, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Av. R\u00edo Moctezuma 249, San Juan del R\u00edo 76807, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1898-2228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Alfonso","family":"Antonino-Daviu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de la Energ\u00eda, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia (UPV), Camino de Vera s\/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2016.12.013","article-title":"The Importance of Manufacturing in Economic Development: Has This Changed?","volume":"93","author":"Haraguchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Dev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2018.07.046","article-title":"Trade-off analysis of tool wear, machining quality and energy efficiency of alloy cast iron milling process","volume":"26","author":"Luan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-8506(07)60621-0","article-title":"Precision Measurement of Cutting Tools with two Matched Optical 3D-Sensors","volume":"52","author":"Weckenmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"CIRP Ann."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"102","article-title":"Improvement of fastening elements in an assembled cutting tool","volume":"10","author":"Sakharov","year":"1990","journal-title":"Sov. 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