{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T16:42:48Z","timestamp":1781973768723,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Xiamen University Malaysia","award":["XMUMRF\/2021-C8\/IECE\/0021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XMUMRF\/2021-C8\/IECE\/0021"]}]},{"name":"Research and Development Scheme, Department of Higher Education, Government of Uttar Pradesh, India","award":["80\/2021\/1543(1)\/70-4-2021-4(28)\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80\/2021\/1543(1)\/70-4-2021-4(28)\/2021"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004515","name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GUP-2021-019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GUP-2021-019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004515","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004515","name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DPK-2021-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DPK-2021-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004515","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004515","name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DIP-2020-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DIP-2020-004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004515","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epileptic seizures are temporary episodes of convulsions, where approximately 70 percent of the diagnosed population can successfully manage their condition with proper medication and lead a normal life. Over 50 million people worldwide are affected by some form of epileptic seizures, and their accurate detection can help millions in the proper management of this condition. Increasing research in machine learning has made a great impact on biomedical signal processing and especially in electroencephalogram (EEG) data analysis. The availability of various feature extraction techniques and classification methods makes it difficult to choose the most suitable combination for resource-efficient and correct detection. This paper intends to review the relevant studies of wavelet and empirical mode decomposition-based feature extraction techniques used for seizure detection in epileptic EEG data. The articles were chosen for review based on their Journal Citation Report, feature selection methods, and classifiers used. The high-dimensional EEG data falls under the category of \u20183N\u2019 biosignals\u2014nonstationary, nonlinear, and noisy; hence, two popular classifiers, namely random forest and support vector machine, were taken for review, as they are capable of handling high-dimensional data and have a low risk of over-fitting. The main metrics used are sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy; hence, some papers reviewed were excluded due to insufficient metrics. To evaluate the overall performances of the reviewed papers, a simple mean value of all metrics was used. This review indicates that the system that used a Stockwell transform wavelet variant as a feature extractor and SVM classifiers led to a potentially better result.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21248485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T08:43:32Z","timestamp":1639989812000},"page":"8485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Machine Learning-Based Epileptic Seizure Detection Methods Using Wavelet and EMD-Based Decomposition Techniques: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Rabindra Gandhi","family":"Thangarajoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and System Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamun Bin Ibne","family":"Reaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and System Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geetika","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Electronics, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya 224001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahmida","family":"Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and System Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4819-863X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sawal Hamid Md","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and System Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9060-0346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad Ashrif A.","family":"Bakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and System Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0772-0556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Arif Sobhan","family":"Bhuiyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Bandar Sunsuria, Sepang 43900, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2017.2650259","article-title":"A Multivariate Approach for Patient-Specific EEG Seizure Detection Using Empirical Wavelet Transform","volume":"64","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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