{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T20:35:22Z","timestamp":1776458122917,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE)","award":["2020003030001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020003030001"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE)","award":["20009121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20009121"]}]},{"name":"Advancement of Technology (KIAT)","award":["P0002397"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0002397"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cytokines are proteins secreted by immune cells. They promote cell signal transduction and are involved in cell replication, death, and recovery. Cytokines are immune modulators, but their excessive secretion causes uncontrolled inflammation that attacks normal cells. Considering the properties of cytokines, monitoring the secretion of cytokines in vivo is of great value for medical and biological research. In this review, we offer a report on recent studies for cytokine detection, especially studies on aptasensors using aptamers. Aptamers are single strand nucleic acids that form a stable three-dimensional structure and have been receiving attention due to various characteristics such as simple production methods, low molecular weight, and ease of modification while performing a physiological role similar to antibodies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21248491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T08:43:32Z","timestamp":1639989812000},"page":"8491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Recent Advances in Aptasensor for Cytokine Detection: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jinmyeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Korea"}]},{"given":"Seungwoo","family":"Noh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Korea"}]},{"given":"Jeong Ah","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Korea"}]},{"given":"Sang-Chan","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea"}]},{"given":"Seong Jun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5877-0222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin-Ho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-ro, Yangsan 50612, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7490-000X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae-Hyuk","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea"}]},{"given":"Taek","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2014.10.009","article-title":"Bioanalytical chemistry of cytokines\u2014A review","volume":"853","author":"Stenken","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90333-6","article-title":"Cytokine signal transduction","volume":"76","author":"Kishimoto","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.neo.7900101","article-title":"Cell cycle and apoptosis","volume":"2","author":"Pucci","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2015.0735","article-title":"The global burden of cancer 2013","volume":"1","author":"Fitzmaurice","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612003400597","article-title":"Cytokine therapy for cancer","volume":"6","author":"Tagawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00030","article-title":"Cytokine research in depression: Principles, challenges, and open questions","volume":"10","author":"Himmerich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2018.11.053","article-title":"Development of a needle shaped microelectrode for electrochemical detection of the sepsis biomarker interleukin-6 (IL-6) in real time","volume":"126","author":"Russell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.05015-11","article-title":"Into the eye of the cytokine storm","volume":"76","author":"Tisoncik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2026131","article-title":"Cytokine storm","volume":"383","author":"Fajgenbaum","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2015.74","article-title":"The cytokine storm of severe influenza and development of immunomodulatory therapy","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2020.06.009","article-title":"COVID-19 infection may increase the risk of parkinsonism\u2013Remember the Spanish flu?","volume":"54","author":"Eldeeb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20255","article-title":"An interferon-\u03b3-related cytokine storm in SARS patients","volume":"75","author":"Huang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Channappanavar, R., and Perlman, S. (2017). Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: Causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology. Seminars in Immunopathology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-017-0629-x"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.26719\/2013.19.supp1.S12","article-title":"Novel coronavirus infections in Jordan, April 2012: Epidemiological findings from a retrospective investigation","volume":"19","author":"Hijawi","year":"2013","journal-title":"EMHJ East. Mediterr. Health J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"taaa011","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa011","article-title":"Potential for global spread of a novel coronavirus from China","volume":"27","author":"Bogoch","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.03.026","article-title":"COVID-19, SARS and MERS: Are they closely related?","volume":"26","author":"Petrosillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30628-0","article-title":"COVID-19: Consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression","volume":"395","author":"Mehta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2007.12.004","article-title":"Aptamer-based biosensors","volume":"27","author":"Song","year":"2008","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4440","DOI":"10.1021\/ac201057w","article-title":"Aptamer in bioanalytical applications","volume":"83","author":"Iliuk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2200121","article-title":"Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment: RNA ligands to bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase","volume":"249","author":"Tuerk","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1007\/s00239-015-9705-9","article-title":"SELEX: How it happened and where it will go","volume":"81","author":"Gold","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.02.001","article-title":"Fabrication of electrochemical biosensor consisted of multi-functional DNA structure\/porous au nanoparticle for avian influenza virus (H5N1) in chicken serum","volume":"99","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2015.48.4.277","article-title":"Therapeutic aptamers: Developmental potential as anticancer drugs","volume":"48","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMB Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-15-0194","article-title":"Reducing toxicity of immune therapy using aptamer-targeted drug delivery","volume":"3","author":"Gilboa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2006.03.015","article-title":"Aptamer therapeutics advance","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6267","DOI":"10.1021\/la503533g","article-title":"Biosensor regeneration: A review of common techniques and outcomes","volume":"31","author":"Goode","year":"2015","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2010.1103","article-title":"Aptasensors: A review","volume":"6","author":"Lim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2019.01.015","article-title":"Aptasensors as a new sensing technology developed for the detection of MUC1 mucin: A review","volume":"130","author":"Yousefi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-5663(00)00076-2","article-title":"Materials and techniques for electrochemical biosensor design and construction","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"35","article-title":"Biosensors based on electrochemical lactate detection: A comprehensive review","volume":"5","author":"Rathee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0265-928X(87)80013-5","article-title":"A simple, inexpensive, disposable electrochemical sensor for clinical and immuno-assay","volume":"3","author":"Weetall","year":"1987","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.201200349","article-title":"Wearable electrochemical sensors and biosensors: A review","volume":"25","author":"Windmiller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1002\/tcr.201900092","article-title":"Electrochemical sensors, a bright future in the fabrication of portable kits in analytical systems","volume":"20","author":"Karimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Rec."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"042002","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/20\/4\/042002","article-title":"Recent developments in electrochemical sensor application and technology\u2014A review","volume":"20","author":"Guth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.01.020","article-title":"Recent advances in cytokine detection by immunosensing","volume":"79","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s00449-009-0371-4","article-title":"Electrochemical aptasensor for tetracycline detection","volume":"33","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.01.002","article-title":"A graphene functionalized electrochemical aptasensor for selective label-free detection of cancer cells","volume":"32","author":"Feng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farrar, C.R., and Worden, K. New Trends in Vibration Based Structural Health Monitoring. In An Introduction to Structural Health Monitoring; New York, NY, USA, 2010; pp. 1\u201317.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-0399-9_1"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Richman, D.D., Whitley, R.J., and Hayden, F.G. (2020). Clinical Virology, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"McPherson, R.A., Msc, M., and Pincus, M.R. (2021). Henry\u2019s Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Alegret, S., and Merko\u00e7i, A. (2007). Electrochemical Sensor Analysis, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1039\/D0AN02135K","article-title":"Fabrication of an electrochemical biosensor composed of multi-functional Ag ion intercalated DNA four-way junctions\/rhodium nanoplate heterolayer on a micro-gap for C-reactive protein detection in human serum","volume":"146","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jchemed.7b00361","article-title":"A practical beginner\u2019s guide to cyclic voltammetry","volume":"95","author":"Elgrishi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chem. Educ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00235a028","article-title":"Pulse voltammetry with microvoltammetric electrodes","volume":"53","author":"Ewing","year":"1981","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Compton, R.G., and Banks, C.E. (2018). Understanding Voltammetry, World Scientific.","DOI":"10.1142\/q0155"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirceski, V., Komorsky-Lovric, S., and Lovric, M. (2007). Square-Wave Voltammetry: Theory and Application, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-73740-7"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2021.107939","article-title":"Fabrication of electrochemical biosensor composed of multi-functional DNA 4 way junction for TNF-\u03b1 detection in human serum","volume":"142","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2012.04.013","article-title":"An electrochemical aptasensor based on hybridization chain reaction with enzyme-signal amplification for interferon-gamma detection","volume":"36","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noh, S., Kim, J., Park, C., Min, J., and Lee, T. (2021). Fabrication of an Electrochemical Aptasensor Composed of Multifunctional DNA Three-Way Junction on Au Microgap Electrode for Interferon Gamma Detection in Human Serum. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9060692"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2019.05.012","article-title":"Impedimetric aptasensor for the label-free and selective detection of Interleukin-6 for colorectal cancer screening","volume":"137","author":"Tertis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2019.111532","article-title":"A novel label-free electrochemical impedance aptasensor for highly sensitive detection of human interferon-gamma based on target-induced exonuclease inhibition","volume":"142","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2017.11.176","article-title":"Label-free electrochemical aptasensor based on gold and polypyrrole nanoparticles for interleukin 6 detection","volume":"258","author":"Ciui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2019.00724","article-title":"Advanced evanescent-wave optical biosensors for the detection of nucleic acids: An analytic perspective","volume":"7","author":"Huertas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peltomaa, R., Glahn-Mart\u00ednez, B., Benito-Pe\u00f1a, E., and Moreno-Bondi, M.C. (2018). Optical biosensors for label-free detection of small molecules. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124126"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4934","DOI":"10.1039\/C6NR09381G","article-title":"Graphene quantum dot based \u201cswitch-on\u201d nanosensors for intracellular cytokine monitoring","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.08.122","article-title":"DNA based click polymerization for ultrasensitive IFN-\u03b3 fluorescent detection","volume":"276","author":"Wen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1021\/ac9025237","article-title":"Development of an aptamer beacon for detection of interferon-gamma","volume":"82","author":"Tuleuova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2018.06.074","article-title":"Sensitive detection of cytokine in complex biological samples by using MB track mediated DNA walker and nicking enzyme assisted signal amplification method combined biosensor","volume":"189","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.12.058","article-title":"Double stranded aptamer-anchored reduced graphene oxide as target-specific nano detector","volume":"35","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.11.178","article-title":"Aptamer-based fluorogenic sensing of interferon-gamma probed with ReS2 and TiS2 nanosheets","volume":"258","author":"Dhenadhayalan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2012.04.038","article-title":"Amplified surface plasmon resonance immunosensor for interferon-Gamma based on a streptavidin-incorporated aptamer","volume":"37","author":"Chang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.02.071","article-title":"Increasing the spectral shifts in LSPR biosensing using DNA-functionalized gold nanorods in a competitive assay format for the detection of interferon-\u03b3","volume":"81","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2021.129607","article-title":"Aptamer-functionalized Au nanoparticles array as the effective SERS biosensor for label-free detection of interleukin-6 in serum","volume":"334","author":"Muhammad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6811","DOI":"10.1039\/c3an01275a","article-title":"Label-free fluorescence probe based on structure-switching aptamer for the detection of interferon gamma","volume":"138","author":"Pan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1039\/C6CC08911A","article-title":"A microchip electrophoresis-based fluorescence signal amplification strategy for highly sensitive detection of biomolecules","volume":"53","author":"Qin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.126929","article-title":"Target-triggered programming of cascaded catalytic hairpin assemblies for enzyme-free and highly sensitive sensing of cytokines","volume":"298","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16362","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NR04988F","article-title":"Netlike hybridization chain reaction assembly of DNA nanostructures enables exceptional signal amplification for sensing trace cytokines","volume":"11","author":"Qin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8066","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CC03576D","article-title":"A membrane-anchored aptamer sensor for probing IFN\u03b3 secretion by single cells","volume":"53","author":"Qiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s12195-010-0148-5","article-title":"Micropatterning of aptamer beacons to create cytokine-sensing surfaces","volume":"3","author":"Tuleuova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.7b00720","article-title":"\u201cTurn-on\u201d fluorescent aptasensor based on AIEgen labeling for the localization of IFN-\u03b3 in live cells","volume":"3","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13250","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70261-1","article-title":"A study on the response of FRET based DNA aptasensors in intracellular environment","volume":"10","author":"Ghosh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Homola, J. (2006). Surface Plasmon Resonance Based Sensors, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/b100321"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15684","DOI":"10.3390\/s150715684","article-title":"Localized surface plasmon resonance biosensing: Current challenges and approaches","volume":"15","author":"Unser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3828","DOI":"10.1021\/cr100313v","article-title":"Localized surface plasmon resonance sensors","volume":"111","author":"Mayer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.01.056","article-title":"Gold nanorod-based localized surface plasmon resonance biosensors: A review","volume":"195","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2968","DOI":"10.1039\/C4LC00249K","article-title":"Disposable surface plasmon resonance aptasensor with membrane-based sample handling design for quantitative interferon-gamma detection","volume":"14","author":"Chuang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700072","DOI":"10.1002\/adbi.201700072","article-title":"EGOFET peptide aptasensor for label-free detection of inflammatory cytokines in complex fluids","volume":"2","author":"Berto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Biosyst."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1039\/C6NR07664E","article-title":"Dual-mode refractive index and charge sensing to investigate complex surface chemistry on nanostructures","volume":"9","author":"Bhalla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chuang, P.-C., Liao, P.-C., and Chen, Y.-F. (2015). Enhancing the sensitivity of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) biosensors using nanorods and DNA aptamers. Plasmonics in Biology and Medicine XII, International Society for Optics and Photonics.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2078216"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200901820","article-title":"SERS-based diagnosis and biodetection","volume":"6","year":"2010","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aroca, R. (2006). Surface-Enhanced Vibrational Spectroscopy, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470035641"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4109(200103)13:3<173::AID-ELAN173>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Capacitive biosensors","volume":"13","author":"Berggren","year":"2001","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2007.04.004","article-title":"Reagentless aptamer based impedance biosensor for monitoring a neuro-inflammatory cytokine PDGF","volume":"23","author":"Liao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2013.08.013","article-title":"Detection of IFN-\u03b3 for latent tuberculosis diagnosis using an anodized aluminum oxide-based capacitive sensor","volume":"51","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.12.040","article-title":"Capacitive aptamer\u2013antibody based sandwich assay for the detection of VEGF cancer biomarker in serum","volume":"209","author":"Qureshi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-021-03527-w","article-title":"Longitudinal Zeolite-Iron Oxide Nanocomposite Deposited Capacitance Biosensor for Interleukin-3 in Sepsis Detection","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2018.2870297","article-title":"A hand-held point-of-care biosensor device for detection of multiple Cancer and cardiac disease biomarkers using Interdigitated capacitive arrays","volume":"12","author":"Ceylan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sze, S.M., Li, Y., and Ng, K.K. (2006). Physics of Semiconductor Devices, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/0470068329"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.07.010","article-title":"Detection principles of biological and chemical FET sensors","volume":"98","author":"Kaisti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao6750","article-title":"Aptamer\u2013field-effect transistors overcome Debye length limitations for small-molecule sensing","volume":"362","author":"Nakatsuka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905202","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201905202","article-title":"An ultraflexible and stretchable aptameric graphene nanosensor for biomarker detection and monitoring","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100712","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202100712","article-title":"Ultrasensitive Detection of Dopamine, IL-6 and SARS-CoV-2 Proteins on Crumpled Graphene FET Biosensor","volume":"6","author":"Hwang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.0c00752","article-title":"Modulating the linker immobilization density on aptameric graphene field effect transistors using an electric field","volume":"5","author":"Hao","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3838","DOI":"10.1021\/ja010172b","article-title":"Noncovalent sidewall functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes for protein immobilization","volume":"123","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15330-9","article-title":"Ultrasensitive detection of nucleic acids using deformed graphene channel field effect biosensors","volume":"11","author":"Hwang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3637","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.200701871","article-title":"A new nanobiosensor for glucose with high sensitivity and selectivity in serum based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between CdTe quantum dots and Au nanoparticles","volume":"14","author":"Tang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chemistry"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2006.11.016","article-title":"Electrochemical nanobiosensors","volume":"123","author":"Pumera","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.136","article-title":"Current trends in nanobiosensor technology","volume":"3","author":"Bellan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nanotechnology and its applications in agriculture: A review","volume":"29","author":"Manjunatha","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Farm Sci."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8075","DOI":"10.1039\/c2ee21818f","article-title":"A review on nanomaterials for environmental remediation","volume":"5","author":"Khin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1219657","article-title":"Nanomaterials for drug delivery","volume":"337","author":"Hubbell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2020.111240","article-title":"Fabrication of electrochemical biosensor composed of multi-functional DNA\/rhodium nanoplate heterolayer for thyroxine detection in clinical sample","volume":"195","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, T., Kim, J., Nam, I., Lee, Y., Kim, H.E., Sohn, H., Kim, S.-E., Yoon, J., Seo, S.W., and Lee, M.-H. (2019). Fabrication of troponin I biosensor composed of multi-functional DNA structure\/Au nanocrystal using electrochemical and localized surface plasmon resonance dual-detection method. Nanomaterials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9071000"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703970","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201703970","article-title":"Electrochemical Biosensor Composed of Silver Ion-Mediated dsDNA on Au-Encapsulated Bi2Se3 Nanoparticles for the Detection of H2O2 Released from Breast Cancer Cells","volume":"14","author":"Mohammadniaei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-018-2704-y","article-title":"Aptamer-based determination of tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 using a screen-printed graphite electrode modified with gold hexacyanoferrate","volume":"185","author":"Ghalehno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, C., Luo, X., Espulgar, W.V., Koyama, S., Kumanogoh, A., Saito, M., Takamatsu, H., and Tamiya, E. (2020). Real-time monitoring and detection of single-cell level cytokine secretion using LSPR technology. Micromachines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi11010107"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2018.02.023","article-title":"Label-free and simple detection of endotoxins using a sensitive LSPR biosensor based on silver nanocolumns","volume":"548","author":"Zandieh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3550","DOI":"10.1039\/C8LC00605A","article-title":"An integrated adipose-tissue-on-chip nanoplasmonic biosensing platform for investigating obesity-associated inflammation","volume":"18","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4804","DOI":"10.3390\/s90604804","article-title":"Microfluidic systems for pathogen sensing: A review","volume":"9","author":"Mairhofer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s10404-010-0638-8","article-title":"Microfluidic-based biosensors toward point-of-care detection of nucleic acids and proteins","volume":"10","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microfluid. Nanofluidics"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salim, A., and Lim, S. (2018). Review of recent metamaterial microfluidic sensors. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010232"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-003-2179-4","article-title":"Biochemical analysis with microfluidic systems","volume":"377","author":"Bilitewski","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6446(05)03571-3","article-title":"Microfluidic technologies in drug discovery","volume":"10","author":"Pihl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800698","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201800698","article-title":"Label-Free Optofluidic Nanobiosensor Enables Real-Time Analysis of Single-Cell Cytokine Secretion","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2568","DOI":"10.1039\/C9LC00285E","article-title":"Muscle-on-a-chip with an on-site multiplexed biosensing system for in situ monitoring of secreted IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1","volume":"19","author":"Ortega","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2005.10.027","article-title":"Electrochemical biosensors: Towards point-of-care cancer diagnostics","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J.A., Kim, J., Kim, S.M., Sohn, H., Park, C., Kim, T.-H., Lee, J.-H., Lee, M.-H., and Lee, T. (2021). Fabrication of Electrochemical Influenza Virus (H1N1) Biosensor Composed of Multifunctional DNA Four-Way Junction and Molybdenum Disulfide Hybrid Material. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14020343"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.09.042","article-title":"A paper strip based non-invasive glucose biosensor for salivary analysis","volume":"67","author":"Soni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/micronano.2016.22","article-title":"Multi-analyte biosensor interface for real-time monitoring of 3D microtissue spheroids in hanging-drop networks","volume":"2","author":"Misun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microsyst. Nanoeng."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.04.142","article-title":"Molecularly imprinted polymer-based reusable biosensing device on stainless steel for spatially localized detection of cytokine IL-1\u03b2","volume":"292","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8131","DOI":"10.1021\/ac101409t","article-title":"Aptamer-based electrochemical biosensor for interferon gamma detection","volume":"82","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3949","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2017.2705700","article-title":"Wearable flexible sensors: A review","volume":"17","author":"Nag","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0045-y","article-title":"Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Hao, Z., Yu, S., Huang, C., Pan, Y., and Zhao, X. (2020). A wearable and deformable graphene-based affinity nanosensor for monitoring of cytokines in biofluids. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10081503"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.57.3.434","article-title":"Normal human sweat contains interleukin-8","volume":"57","author":"Jones","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910080","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201910080","article-title":"Protein Gel Phase Transition: Toward Superiorly Transparent and Hysteresis-Free Wearable Electronics","volume":"30","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005958","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202005958","article-title":"A Flexible and regenerative aptameric graphene\u2013Nafion biosensor for cytokine storm biomarker monitoring in undiluted biofluids toward wearable applications","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00679-0","article-title":"The signal pathways and treatment of cytokine storm in COVID-19","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/24\/8491\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:49:53Z","timestamp":1760168993000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/24\/8491"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"references-count":128,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s21248491"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21248491","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]}}}