{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T05:46:26Z","timestamp":1769924786395,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent trends, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have become popular because of their cost, simple structure, reliability, and developments in the communication field. The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the interconnection of everyday objects and sharing of information through the Internet. Congestion in networks leads to transmission delays and packet loss and causes wastage of time and energy on recovery. The routing protocols are adaptive to the congestion status of the network, which can greatly improve the network performance. In this research, collision-aware routing using the multi-objective seagull optimization algorithm (CAR-MOSOA) is designed to meet the efficiency of a scalable WSN. The proposed protocol exploits the clustering process to choose cluster heads to transfer the data from source to endpoint, thus forming a scalable network, and improves the performance of the CAR-MOSOA protocol. The proposed CAR-MOSOA is simulated and examined using the NS-2.34 simulator due to its modularity and inexpensiveness. The results of the CAR-MOSOA are comprehensively investigated with existing algorithms such as fully distributed energy-aware multi-level (FDEAM) routing, energy-efficient optimal multi-path routing protocol (EOMR), tunicate swarm grey wolf optimization (TSGWO), and CoAP simple congestion control\/advanced (CoCoA). The simulation results of the proposed CAR-MOSOA for 400 nodes are as follows: energy consumption, 33 J; end-to-end delay, 29 s; packet delivery ratio, 95%; and network lifetime, 973 s, which are improved compared to the FDEAM, EOMR, TSGWO, and CoCoA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21248496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T08:43:32Z","timestamp":1639989812000},"page":"8496","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Collision-Aware Routing Using Multi-Objective Seagull Optimization Algorithm for WSN-Based IoT"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4562-4127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Preetha","family":"Jagannathan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Muthayammal Engineering College Autonomous, Rasipuram 637408, Tamil Nadu, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9043-8828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sasikumar","family":"Gurumoorthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jerusalem Coll\u00e8ge of Engineering, Chennai 600100, Tamil Nadu, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4671-6827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Stateczny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geodesy, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3997-5070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parameshachari","family":"Divakarachar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunication Engineering, GSSS Institute of Engineering and Technology for Women, Mysuru 570016, Karnataka, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2325-855X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jewel","family":"Sengupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics Engineering, Kaunas University of Technology, 44249 Kaunas, Lithuania"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18469","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2749606","article-title":"An efficient centroid-based routing protocol for energy management in WSN-assisted IoT","volume":"5","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3809","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.3809","article-title":"Energy efficient scalability of three level hexagonal heterogeneous broad transmission distance protocol (3L-HEXA-HTBTDP) for WSN-IoT networks","volume":"31","author":"Khyati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. 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