{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T05:24:01Z","timestamp":1783574641507,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study analyzes the existing methods for studying nasal breathing. The aspects of verifying the results of rhinomanometric diagnostics according to the data of spiral computed tomography are considered, and the methodological features of dynamic posterior active rhinomanometry and the main indicators of respiration are also analyzed. The possibilities of testing respiratory olfactory disorders are considered, the analysis of errors in rhinomanometric measurements is carried out. In the conclusions, practical recommendations are given that have been developed for the design and operation of tools for functional diagnostics of nasal breathing disorders. It is advisable, according to the data of dynamic rhinomanometry, to assess the functioning of the nasal valve by the shape of the air flow rate signals during forced breathing and the structures of the soft palate by the residual nasopharyngeal pressure drop. It is imperative to take into account not only the maximum coefficient of aerodynamic nose drag, but also the values of the pressure drop and air flow rate in the area of transition to the turbulent quadratic flow regime. From the point of view of the physiology of the nasal response, it is necessary to look at the dynamic change to the current mode, given the hour of the forced response, so that it will ensure the maximum possible acidity in the legend. When planning functional rhinosurgical operations, it is necessary to apply the calculation method using computed tomography, which makes it possible to predict the functional result of surgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21248508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T04:23:47Z","timestamp":1640060627000},"page":"8508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Research Active Posterior Rhinomanometry Tomography Method for Nasal Breathing Determining Violations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Oleg G.","family":"Avrunin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, National University of Radio Electronics, 61166 Kharkiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4310-5833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yana V.","family":"Nosova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, National University of Radio Electronics, 61166 Kharkiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2611-2417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim Younouss","family":"Abdelhamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, National University of Radio Electronics, 61166 Kharkiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergii V.","family":"Pavlov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vinnytsia National Technical University, 21021 Vinnytsia, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia O.","family":"Shushliapina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Stomatological Faculty, Kharkiv National Medical University, 61022 Kharkiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia A.","family":"Bouhlal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azov Maritime Institute, National University \u201cOdessa Maritime Academy\u201d, 65000 Odessa, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ainur","family":"Ormanbekova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Avenue 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aigul","family":"Iskakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Automation and Information Technologies, Satbayev University, Satpaev Street 22, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9859-5879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damian","family":"Harasim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Institute of Electronic and Information Technologies, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sokol, Y., Lapta, S., Kolisnyk, K., Koval, S., and Avrunin, O. (2020, January 13\u201317). Reducing the risks of medical diagnosis in an epidemic or pandemic. Presented at the 2020 IEEE KhPI Week on Advanced Technology, KhPI Week 2020\u2014Conference Proceedings, Kharkiv, Ukaine.","DOI":"10.1109\/KhPIWeek51551.2020.9250165"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selivanova, K.G., Avrunin, O.G., Zlepko, S.M., Romanyuk, S.O., Zabolotna, N.I., Kotyra, A., Komada, P., and Smalova, S. (June, January 29). Quality improvement of diagnosis of the electromyography data based on statistical characteristics of the measured signals. Proceedings of the Photonics Applications in Astronomy, Communications, Industry, and High-Energy Physics Experiments 2016, Wilga, Poland.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2248953"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avrunin, O.G., Nosova, Y.V., Paliy, V.G., Shushlyapina, N.O., Kalimoldayev, M., Komada, P., and Sagymbekova, A. (June, January 28). Study of the air flow mode in the nasal cavity during a forced breath. Proceedings of the Photonics Applications in Astronomy, Communications, Industry, and High Energy Physics Experiments 2017, Wilga, Poland.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2280941"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2020.1833865","article-title":"Computational modelling of nasal respiratory flow","volume":"24","author":"Calmet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-020-02124-z","article-title":"Virtual septoplasty: A method to predict surgical outcomes for patients with nasal airway obstruction","volume":"15","author":"Moghaddam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Assist. Radiol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avrunin, O.G., Nosova, Y.V., Shushlyapina, N.O., Zlepko, A.S., Bezuglyi, A.I., Zyska, T., and Ziyatbekova, G. (2019). Formalization of the diagnosis of olfactory disorders. Information Technology in Medical Diagnostics II\u2014Proceedings of the International Scientific Internet Conference on Computer Graphics and Image Processing and 48th International Scientific and Practical Conference on Application of Lasers in Medicine and Biology, Prague, Czech Republic, 25\u201327 February 2019, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429057618-4"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-021-02332-1","article-title":"Agreement between rhinomanometry and computed tomography-based computational fluid dynamics","volume":"16","author":"Berger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Assist. Radiol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"484","article-title":"Correlation between subjective assessment and objective measurement of nasal obstruction","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin. J. Otorhinolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1615\/TelecomRadEng.v73.i7.70","article-title":"Improving the reliability of rhinomanometry diagnostics by considering statistical characteristics of measured signals","volume":"73","author":"Avrunin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Telecommun. Radio Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"011907","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0036095","article-title":"Pressure distribution and flow dynamics in a nasal airway using a scale resolving simulation","volume":"33","author":"Shrestha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, H.-F., Hsieh, Y.-C., and Hsieh, Y.-L. (2020, January 23\u201325). Factors Affecting Location of Nasal Airway Obstruction. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Eurasia Conference on IOT, Communication and Engineering (ECICE), Yunlin, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ECICE50847.2020.9301959"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"140","article-title":"Principles of computer planning in the functional nasal surgery","volume":"93","author":"Avrunin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electrotech. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3342\/ceo.2012.5.4.181","article-title":"Impacts of Fluid Dynamics Simulation in Study of Nasal Airflow Physiology and Pathophysiology in Realistic Human Three-Dimensional Nose Models","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"197","article-title":"Correlation of nasal morphology and respiratory function","volume":"39","author":"Mlynski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d6nerci, T.M. (2013). Nasal Physiology and Pathophysiology of Nasal Disorders, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-37250-6"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20074","article-title":"Morphological variation and airflow dynamics in the human nose","volume":"16","author":"Churchill","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Tang, H., Tu, J.Y., Li, H.F., Au-Hijleh, B., Xue, C.C., and Li, C.G. (2004, January 13\u201317). Dynamic analysis of airflow features in a 3D real-anatomical geometry of the human nasal cavity. Proceedings of the 15th Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference, Sydney, Australia."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1063","article-title":"Particle Image Velocimetry Measurements for the Study of Nasal Airflow","volume":"45","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Korean J. Otorhinolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"169","article-title":"Standardisation Committee on Objective Assessment of the Nasal Airway, IRS, and ERS Consensus report on acoustic rhinometry and rhinomanometry","volume":"43","author":"Clements","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rhynology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215109991368","article-title":"Endoscopic sinus surgery: Evolution and technical innovations","volume":"124","author":"Govindaraj","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Laryngol. Otol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2018.11.004","article-title":"Endoscopic sinus surgery with and without computer assisted navigation: A retrospective study","volume":"46","author":"Galletti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Auris Nasus Larynx"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"e1615-12","article-title":"Assessment of Functional Rhinoplasty with Spreader Grafting Using Acoustic Rhinomanometry and Validated Outcome Measurements","volume":"6","author":"Paul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. Open"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.13344","article-title":"Correlations between computational fluid dynamics and clinical evaluation of nasal airway obstruction due to septal deviation: An observational study","volume":"44","author":"Radulesco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-018-5229-4","article-title":"Predictive factors of patients\u2019 general quality of life after nasal septoplasty","volume":"276","author":"Valsamidis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-009-9455-4","article-title":"Preoperative Digital Three-Dimensional Planning for Rhinoplasty","volume":"34","author":"Moscatiello","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3342\/ceo.2011.4.2.55","article-title":"Fundamental Principles in Aesthetic Rhinoplasty","volume":"4","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2017.09.002","article-title":"Outcomes of septorhinoplasty: A new approach comparing functional and aesthetic results","volume":"47","author":"Radulesco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1117631","article-title":"Method for determination of laminar boundary layer of airflow in the upper respiratory tract","volume":"11176","author":"Avrunin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photonics Appl. Astron. Commun. Ind. High-Energy Phys. Exp."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3755","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60755-3","article-title":"Characterization of the Airflow within an Average Geometry of the Healthy Human Nasal Cavity","volume":"10","author":"Hildebrandt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26769","article-title":"Surgical outcome for empty nose syndrome: Impact of implantation site","volume":"128","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avrunin, O.G., Nosova, Y.V., Abdelhamid, I.Y., Pavlov, S.V., Shushliapina, N.O., W\u00f3jcik, W., Kisa\u0142a, P., and Kalizhanova, A. (2021). Possibilities of Automated Diagnostics of Odontogenic Sinusitis According to the Computer Tomography Data. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041198"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1177\/0003489418791597","article-title":"Effect of Nasal Valve Shape on Downstream Volume, Airflow, and Pressure Drop: Importance of the Nasal Valve Revisited","volume":"127","author":"Naughton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2019.02.024","article-title":"Evolution of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, nasal flow and systolic pressure of the pulmonary artery in children with indication for adenoidectomy and\/or tonsillectomy over 18 months","volume":"120","author":"Tinano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-020-01382-4","article-title":"Role of rhinomanometry in the prediction of therapeutic positive airway pressure for obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"21","author":"Hsu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avrunin, O., Mustetsova, O., Tymchik, S., Khudaieva, S., Homolinskyi, V.O., Omiotek, Z., and Syzdykpayeva, A. (June, January 26). Possibility of determining the cause of the snore by instrumental methods. Proceedings of the Photonics Applications in Astronomy, Communications, Industry, and High-Energy Physics Experiments 2019, Wilga, Poland.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2536418"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-57537-2","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Printing of the Nasal Cavities for Clinical Experiments","volume":"10","author":"Valtonen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avrunin, O., Tymkovych, M., Saed, H.F.I., Loburets, A., Krivoruchko, I., Smolarz, A., and Kalimoldayeva, S. (2019). Application of 3D printing technologies in building patient-specific training systems for computing planning in rhinology. Information Technology in Medical Diagnostics II\u2014Proceedings of the International Scientific Internet Conference on Computer Graphics and Image Processing and 48th International Scientific and Practical Conference on Application of Lasers in Medicine and Biology, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429057618-1"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.14639\/0392-100X-1981","article-title":"Olfactory evaluation in obstructive sleep apnoea patients","volume":"38","author":"Magliulo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol. Ital."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjy013","article-title":"Nasal Structural and Aerodynamic Features That May Benefit Normal Olfactory Sensitivity","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Senses"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2020.05.020","article-title":"The diagnostic value of detecting sudden smell loss among asymptomatic COVID-19 patients in early stage: The possible early sign of COVID-19","volume":"47","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Auris Nasus Larynx"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1615\/TelecomRadEng.v77.i15.90","article-title":"Radio technology in biomedical investigation","volume":"77","author":"Nosova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Telecommun. Radio Eng."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.2310\/7070.2005.5016","article-title":"Contemporary Rhinomanometry","volume":"35","author":"Cole","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-020-00969-1","article-title":"Assessing repeatability and reproducibility of Anterior Active Rhinomanometry (AAR) in children","volume":"20","author":"Cilluffo","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1","article-title":"4-Phase-Rhinomanometry (4PR)\u2014Basics and practice 2010","volume":"21","author":"Vogt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rhinol. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhino10.199","article-title":"The value of bilateral simultaneous nasal spirometry in the assessment of patients undergoing septoplasty","volume":"49","author":"Fyrmpas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2019.101660","article-title":"Application of intelligent automatic segmentation and 3D reconstruction of inferior turbinate and maxillary sinus from computed tomography and analyze the relationship between volume and nasal lesion","volume":"57","author":"Kuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"571CT","article-title":"Computed Tomography of Adult Rhinosinusitis","volume":"89","author":"Ott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohlmeyer, S., Saake, M., Buder, T., May, M., Uder, M., and Wuest, W. (2020). Cone Beam CT Imaging of the Paranasal Region with a Multipurpose X-ray System\u2014Image Quality and Radiation Exposure. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10175876"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.15199\/48.2017.05.20","article-title":"Using a priori data for segmentation anatomical structures of the brain","volume":"1","author":"Avrunin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electrotech. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avrunin, O., Tymkovych, M., and Drauil, J. (2015, January 7\u20139). Automatized technique for three-dimensional reconstruction of cranial implant based on symmetry. Proceedings of the IEEE 2015 Information Technologies in Innovation Business Conference (ITIB), Kharkiv, Ukraine.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITIB.2015.7355070"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tingelhoff, K., Moral, A.I., Kunkel, M.E., Rilk, M., Wagner, I., Eichhorn, K.W.G., Wahl, F.M., and Bootz, F. (2007, January 23\u201326). Comparison between Manual and Semi-automatic Segmentation of Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses from CT Images. Proceedings of the 2007 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Lyon, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2007.4353592"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-008-0777-7","article-title":"CT-based manual segmentation and evaluation of paranasal sinuses","volume":"266","author":"Pirner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-06428-3","article-title":"Three-dimensional modeling and automatic analysis of the human nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses using the computational fluid dynamics method","volume":"278","author":"Tretiakow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850050","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219519418500501","article-title":"Nasal internal and external aerodynamics for healthy and blocked cavities","volume":"18","author":"Nayebossadri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mech. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2019.05.031","article-title":"In silico investigation of sneezing in a full real human upper airway using computational fluid dynamics method","volume":"177","author":"Beni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paz, C., Su\u00e1rez, E., Concheiro, M., and Conde, M. (2017). CFD Simulation of the Oral-Nasal Flow Partitioning During a Breathing Cycle Based on the Soft Palate Movement. International Conference on Innovation in Medicine and Healthcarem, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-59397-5_5"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3126","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.3126","article-title":"Nasal surgery handled by CFD tools","volume":"34","author":"Burgos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Methods Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhino09.196","article-title":"Aerodynamic effects of inferior turbinate surgery on nasal air-flow\u2014A computational fluid dynamics model","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"180","article-title":"A numerical study of flow field and particle deposition in nasal channels with deviant geometry","volume":"15","author":"Thune","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Comput. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"491","article-title":"CFD analysis of mucous effect in the nasal cavity","volume":"19","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Comput. Methods Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1177\/1945892420950157","article-title":"Rhinomanometry Versus Computational Fluid Dynamics: Correlated, but Different Techniques","volume":"35","author":"Cherobin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940711601207","article-title":"Acoustic Rhinometry in Healthy Humans: Accuracy of Area Estimates and Ability to Quantify Certain Anatomic Structures in the Nasal Cavity","volume":"116","author":"Cankurtaran","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2009.09.079","article-title":"Dimensional Changes of the Nasal Cavity After Transpalatal Distraction Using Bone-Borne Distractor: An Acoustic Rhinometry and Computed Tomography Evaluation","volume":"68","author":"Aras","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W\u00f3jcik, W., Pavlov, S.V., and Kalimoldayev, M. (2019). Information Technology in Medical Diagnostics II, Taylor & Francis Group, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429057618"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W\u00f3jcik, W., and Smolarz, A. (2017). Information Technology in Medical Diagnostics, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315098050"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"303","article-title":"Analysis of Changes of the Hydraulic Diameter and Determination of the Air Flow Modes in the Nasal Cavity","volume":"3","author":"Saied","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Soft Comput."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/24\/8508\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:50:02Z","timestamp":1760169002000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/24\/8508"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s21248508"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21248508","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]}}}