{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T18:20:22Z","timestamp":1770574822619,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004956","name":"Federal Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["856255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["856255"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004956","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>So far, no studies of material deformations (e.g., bending of sports equipment) have been performed to measure the curvature (w\u2033) using an optoelectronic measurement system OMS. To test the accuracy of the w\u2033 measurement with an OMS (Qualisys), a calibration profile which allowed to: (i) differentiates between three w\u2033 (0.13\u02d9 m\u22121, 0.2 m\u22121, and 0.4 m\u22121) and (ii) to explore the influence of the chosen infrared marker distances (50 mm, 110 mm, and 170 mm) was used. The profile was moved three-dimensional at three different mean velocities (vzero = 0 ms\u22121, vslow = 0.2 ms\u22121, vfast\u00a0 = 0.4 ms\u22121) by an industrial robot. For the accuracy assessment, the average difference between the known w\u2033 of the calibration profile and the detected w\u2033 from the OMS system, the associated standard deviation (SD) and the measuring point with the largest difference compared to the defined w\u2033 (=maximum error) were calculated. It was demonstrated that no valid w\u2033 can be measured at marker distances of 50 mm and only to a limited extent at 110 mm. For the 170 mm marker distance, the average difference (\u00b1SD) between defined and detected w\u2033 was less than 1.1 \u00b1 0.1 mm\u22121 in the static and not greater than \u22123.8 \u00b1 13.1 mm\u22121 in the dynamic situations. The maximum error in the static situation was small (4.0 mm\u22121), while in the dynamic situations there were single interfering peaks causing the maximum error to be larger (\u221230.2 mm\u22121 at a known w\u2033 of 0.4 m\u22121). However, the Qualisys system measures sufficiently accurately to detect curvatures up to 0.13\u02d9 m\u22121 at a marker distance of 170 mm, but signal fluctuations due to marker overlapping can occur depending on the direction of movement of the robot arm, which have to be taken into account.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22010051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T02:02:57Z","timestamp":1640224977000},"page":"51","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Curvature Detection with an Optoelectronic Measurement System Using a Self-Made Calibration Profile"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5685-9821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Thorwartl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Schlossallee 49, 5400 Rif, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6685-1540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"St\u00f6ggl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Schlossallee 49, 5400 Rif, Austria"},{"name":"Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, Brunnbachweg 71, 5303 Thalgau, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Teufl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Schlossallee 49, 5400 Rif, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helmut","family":"Holzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atomic Austria GmbH, Atomic Strasse 1, 5541 Altenmarkt, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josef","family":"Kr\u00f6ll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Schlossallee 49, 5400 Rif, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18433","DOI":"10.3390\/s141018433","article-title":"The effect of different global navigation satellite system methods on positioning accuracy in elite alpine skiing","volume":"14","author":"Gilgien","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2011.2181912","article-title":"An RFID-based position and orientation measurement system for mobile objects in intelligent environments","volume":"61","author":"Shirehjini","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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