{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T06:25:23Z","timestamp":1776752723651,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2017YFC1600404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC1600404"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology","award":["19DZ2281400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19DZ2281400"]}]},{"name":"Open Project Program of State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology","award":["SKLDB2019-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLDB2019-003"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LY20B020006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY20B020006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The concentration of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (HMF) is an important quality-related index in milk and milk products. Fast, cost-effective and environmentally friendly determination of HMF is of great significance in milk products control. In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) graphene-like surface (3DGrls) was successfully prepared within 5 min by an electrochemical amperometric pretreatment on a pencil graphite electrode (PGE). The fast-obtained 3D graphene-like surface increased the electrode surface area and enhanced the electron transfer capability without the addition of any harmful chemicals. The morphology and chemical composition of the obtained electrode were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results found that the electrochemical response to HMF at the prepared 3DGrls\/PGE was 34 times higher than that at PGE. The modified electrode showed a good linear response to HMF in a concentration range of 0.35~116 \u03bcM with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.099 \u03bcM. The integrated electrode also exhibited excellent stability and wonderful antifouling property. Furthermore, the 3DGrls\/PGE was successfully applied for the determination of HMF in three processed cheese samples with satisfactory results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22010064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T21:40:21Z","timestamp":1640295621000},"page":"64","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Voltammetric Determination of 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furfural in Processed Cheese Using an Easy-Made and Economic Integrated 3D Graphene-like Electrode"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5240-0773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuzhen","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Postdoctoral Workstation of Bright Dairy-Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200436, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juanhua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengxiao","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yihui","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuexiang","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunping","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Postdoctoral Workstation of Bright Dairy-Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200436, China"},{"name":"Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3777-087X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenmin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Postdoctoral Workstation of Bright Dairy-Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200436, China"},{"name":"Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.2478\/v10222-012-0082-4","article-title":"5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (HMF)-heat-induced formation, occurrence in food and biotransformation\u2014A review","volume":"63","author":"Kowalski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2010.11.002","article-title":"Acrylamide and 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF): A review on metabolism, toxicity, occurrence in food and mitigation strategies","volume":"44","author":"Capuano","year":"2011","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.01.158","article-title":"A validated fast difference spectrophotometric method for 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (HMF) determination in corn syrups","volume":"228","author":"Komatsu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2006.09.023","article-title":"Analysis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in foods by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry","volume":"1135","author":"Santos","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200600251","article-title":"Formation of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (HMF) and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furoic acid during roasting of coffee","volume":"51","author":"Murkovic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5276","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.10578","article-title":"Effects of heat treatment, homogenization pressure, and overprocessing on the content of furfural compounds in liquid milk","volume":"100","author":"Xing","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2021.105086","article-title":"Contents and evolution of potential furfural compounds in milk-based formula, ultra-high temperature milk and pasteurised yoghurt","volume":"120","author":"Xing","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-015-0314-z","article-title":"Functional relationship of furfural yields and the hemicellulose-derived sugars in the hydrolysates from corncob by microwave-assisted hydrothermal pretreatment","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biofuels"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.05.131","article-title":"In house validation from direct determination of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (HMF) in brazilian corn and cane syrups samples by HPLC\u2013UV","volume":"190","author":"Komatsu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1515\/intox-2017-0011","article-title":"Content of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural in biscuits for kids","volume":"10","author":"Mach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2020.103665","article-title":"In house validation for the direct determination of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (HMF) in \u201cDulce de Leche\u201d","volume":"95","author":"Barrera","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2016.07.037","article-title":"Determination of the main impurities formed after acid hydrolysis of soybean extracts and the in vitro mutagenicity and genotoxicity studies of 5-ethoxymethyl-2-furfural","volume":"129","author":"Nemitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.05.001","article-title":"Determination of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural and 2-furfural in oils as indicators of heat pre-treatment","volume":"123","author":"Durmaz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1531","article-title":"Alidation of HPLC method for analysis of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural in tobacco smoke","volume":"73","author":"Margarita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus De L Academie Bulgare Des Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3843","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-018-1857-5","article-title":"Determination of cellulose derived 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural content in lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysate by headspace gas chromatography","volume":"25","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.130814","article-title":"Analysis of the evolution of potential and free furfural compounds in the production chain of infant formula and risk assessment","volume":"368","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C784","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2012.02782.x","article-title":"Determination of very low levels of 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde (hmf) in natural honey: Comparison between the HPLC technique and the spectrophotometric white method","volume":"77","author":"Truzzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2004.03.006","article-title":"Methods for the determination of hmf in honey: A comparison","volume":"16","author":"Fallico","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2015.03.012","article-title":"Quantification of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in honey samples and acidic beverages using spectrophotometry coupled with ultrasonic-assisted cloud point extraction","volume":"42","author":"Altunay","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1021\/ac202878q","article-title":"Electrochemical sensors and biosensors","volume":"84","author":"Kimmel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2008.05.070","article-title":"Role of carbon nanotubes in electroanalytical chemistry: A review","volume":"622","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.201400655","article-title":"Electrochemical sensors using two-dimensional layered nanomaterials","volume":"27","author":"Su","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14217","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR03398E","article-title":"Graphene-like two-dimensional layered nanomaterials: Applications in biosensors and nanomedicine","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1021\/ac5039863","article-title":"Electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on nanomaterials and nanostructures","volume":"87","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.200900600","article-title":"Electrocatalytic application of girard\u2019s reagent t to simultaneous determination of furadehydes in pharmaceutical and food matrices by highly sensitive voltammetric methods","volume":"22","author":"Shamsipur","year":"2010","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/00032710500423476","article-title":"Direct electrochemical determination of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and its application to honey samples","volume":"39","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3176","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.201500253","article-title":"Determination of furanic aldehydes in sugarcane bagasse by high-performance liquid chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection using a modified electrode with nickel nanoparticles","volume":"38","author":"Beluomini","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2020.114326","article-title":"Direct electrochemical determination of very low levels of 5-hydroxymethyl furfural in natural honey by cyclic and square wave voltammetric techinques","volume":"873","author":"Salhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.130659","article-title":"Electro-oxidation and determination 5-hydaoxymethylfurfural in food on co-electrodeposited Cu-Ni bimetallic microparticles modified copper electrode","volume":"367","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2452","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.202100302","article-title":"Black phosphorene modified electrochemical sensor for fast determination of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural in milk","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7809","DOI":"10.1021\/am509096x","article-title":"Comparative study of potential applications of graphene, MoS2, and other two-dimensional materials in energy devices, sensors, and related areas","volume":"7","author":"Rao","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.03.026","article-title":"Review on the graphene based optical fiber chemical and biological sensors","volume":"231","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.07.002","article-title":"Recent advances in electrochemical biosensors based on graphene two-dimensional nanomaterials","volume":"76","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s41061-019-0235-6","article-title":"Current review on synthesis, composites and multifunctional properties of graphene","volume":"377","author":"Sattar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Top. Curr. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2017.12.028","article-title":"Graphene and its sensor-based applications: A review","volume":"270","author":"Nag","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.5b00117","article-title":"Self-assembled three-dimensional graphene macrostructures: Synthesis and applications in supercapacitors","volume":"48","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-018-2809-3","article-title":"Electrodes modified with 3D graphene composites: A review on methods for preparation, properties and sensing applications","volume":"185","author":"Baig","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6213","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201505326","article-title":"New-generation graphene from electrochemical approaches: Production and applications","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12352","DOI":"10.1039\/c1jm11728a","article-title":"One-Pot Self-Assembly of Three-Dimensional Graphene Macroassemblies with Porous Core and Layered Shell","volume":"21","author":"Lv","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3001","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Flexible and Conductive Interconnected Graphene Networks Grown by Chemical Vapour Deposition","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtnano.2019.01.002","article-title":"Synthesis and applications of three-dimensional graphene network structures","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Today Nano"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6083","DOI":"10.1021\/ja5017156","article-title":"Exfoliation of graphite into graphene in aqueous solutions of inorganic salts","volume":"136","author":"Parvez","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2019.113471","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles\/electrochemically expanded graphite composite: A bifunctional platform toward glucose sensing and SERS applications","volume":"851","author":"Xiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"297","article-title":"Determination of HMF in heated milk by HPLC","volume":"41","author":"Boekel","year":"1987","journal-title":"Milk Dairy"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1039\/D0AY01789B","article-title":"A one-step electrochemically reduced graphene oxide based sensor for sensitive voltammetric determination of furfural in milk Products","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1021\/jf960770n","article-title":"Determination of free and total furfural compounds in infant milk formulas by high-performance liquid chromatography","volume":"45","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2019.07.061","article-title":"Extreme stretching of high G:D ratio carbon nanotube fibers using super-acid","volume":"153","author":"Bulmer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9661","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.8b00378","article-title":"Simultaneously exfoliated boron-doped graphene sheets to encapsulate sulfur for applications in lithium-sulfur batteries","volume":"6","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"318","article-title":"High resolution XPS of organic polymers: The scienta ESCA 300 database biomaterials","volume":"15","author":"Beamson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6432","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201700809","article-title":"Concentration of nitric acid strongly influences chemical composition of graphite oxide","volume":"23","author":"Michal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem.\u2014A Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6257","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TC01565A","article-title":"Regulation of radicals from electrochemical exfoliation of a double-graphite electrode to fabricate high-quality graphene","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Bard, A.J., and Faulkner, L.R. (2000). Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. [2nd ed.]."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/1\/64\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:51:47Z","timestamp":1760169107000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/1\/64"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s22010064"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22010064","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]}}}