{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T12:46:28Z","timestamp":1770813988247,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20J11860"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20J11860"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"JST CREST","award":["JPMJCR14G2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJCR14G2"]}]},{"name":"JST OPERA","award":["JPMJOP 1834"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJOP 1834"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adenosine 5\u2032-triphosphate (ATP) plays a crucial role as an extracellular signaling molecule in the central nervous system and is closely related to various nerve diseases. Therefore, label-free imaging of extracellular ATP dynamics and spatiotemporal analysis is crucial for understanding brain function. To decrease the limit of detection (LOD) of imaging extracellular ATP, we fabricated a redox-type label-free ATP image sensor by immobilizing glycerol-kinase (GK), L-\u03b1-glycerophosphate oxidase (LGOx), and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzymes in a polymer film on a gold electrode-modified potentiometric sensor array with a 37.3 \u00b5m-pitch. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is generated through the enzymatic reactions from GK to LGOx in the presence of ATP and glycerol, and ATP can be detected as changes in its concentration using an electron mediator. Using this approach, the LOD for ATP was 2.8 \u00b5M with a sensitivity of 77 \u00b1 3.8 mV\/dec., under 10 mM working buffers at physiological pH, such as in in vitro experiments, and the LOD was great superior 100 times than that of the hydrogen ion detection-based image sensor. This redox-type ATP image sensor may be successfully applied for in vitro sensitive imaging of extracellular ATP dynamics in brain nerve tissue or cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22010075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T21:40:21Z","timestamp":1640295621000},"page":"75","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["CMOS-Based Redox-Type Label-Free ATP Image Sensor for In Vitro Sensitive Imaging of Extracellular ATP"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8525-8809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hideo","family":"Doi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan"}]},{"given":"Tomoko","family":"Horio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1063-3752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong-Joon","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan"}]},{"given":"Toshihiko","family":"Noda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan"}]},{"given":"Kazuaki","family":"Sawada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11023","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1834448100","article-title":"Dynamic inhibition of excitatory synaptic transmission by astrocyte-derived ATP in hippocampal cultures","volume":"100","author":"Koizumi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. 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