{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T18:19:24Z","timestamp":1775326764146,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]],"date-time":"2021-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guangxi natural science foundation project","award":["2020GXNSFBA297078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020GXNSFBA297078"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018602","name":"Guangxi special fund project for innovation-driven development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GuikeAA21077008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GuikeAA21077008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research project on basic ability of young and middle aged teachers in Guangxi","award":["2021KY0197"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021KY0197"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Passive radars based on long-term evolution (LTE) signals suffer from sever interferences. The interferences are not only from the base station used as the illuminator of opportunity (BS-IoO), but also from the other co-channel base stations (CCBS) working at the same frequency with the BS-IoO. Because the reference signals of the co-channel interferences are difficult to obtain, cancellation performance degrades seriously when traditional interference suppression methods are applied in LTE-based passive radar. This paper proposes a cascaded cancellation method based on the spatial spectrum cognition of interference. It consists of several cancellation loops. In each loop, the spatial spectrum of strong interferences is first recognized by using the cyclostationary characteristic of LTE signal and the compressed sensing technique. A clean reference signal of each interference is then reconstructed according to the spatial spectrum previously obtained. With the reference signal, the interferences are cancelled. At the end of each loop, the energy of the interference residual is estimated. If the interference residual is still strong, then the cancellation loop continues; otherwise it terminates. The proposed method can get good cancellation performance with a small-sized antenna array. Theoretical and simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22010117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]],"date-time":"2021-12-27T01:06:54Z","timestamp":1640567214000},"page":"117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Co-Channel Interference Suppression for LTE Passive Radar Based on Spatial Feature Cognition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8205-8067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haitao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3578-4848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyong","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0989-2418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kefei","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willis, N.J., and Griffiths, H.D. (2007). Advances in Bistatic Radar, SciTech Publishing.","DOI":"10.1049\/SBRA001E"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asif, A., and Kandeepan, S. (2021). Cooperative Fusion Based Passive Multistatic Radar Detection. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21093209"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-rsn:20045077","article-title":"FM radio based bistatic radar","volume":"152","author":"Howland","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEE Proc. Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2013.0162","article-title":"Design and performance evaluation of a mature FM\/DAB\/DVB-T multi-illuminator passive radar system","volume":"8","author":"Edrich","year":"2014","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Searle, S., Howard, S., and Palmer, J. (2010, January 7\u201310). Remodulation of DVB\u2014T signals for use in Passive Bistatic Radar. Proceedings of the 2010 Conference Record of the Forty Fourth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, Pacific Grove, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACSSC.2010.5757576"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klincewicz, K., and Samczy\u0144ski, P. (2020). Method of Calculating Desynchronization of DVB-T Transmitters Working in SFN for PCL Applications. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20205776"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2020.3037200","article-title":"A Hybrid Integration Method for Moving Target Detection with GNSS-Based Passive Radar","volume":"14","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2015.0346","article-title":"Experimental investigation on target detection and tracking in passive radar using long-term evolution signal","volume":"10","author":"Abdullah","year":"2016","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3440","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2015.140622","article-title":"Cross-ambiguity characterization of communication waveform features for passive radar","volume":"51","author":"Evers","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1049\/ell2.12130","article-title":"Interference to noise ratio estimation in LTE passive radar based on cyclic auto-correlation","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3786","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2680321","article-title":"Evaluation of Direct Signal Suppression for Passive Radar","volume":"55","author":"Garry","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multi-channel NLMS-based sea clutter cancellation in passive bistatic radar","volume":"11","author":"Shan","year":"2014","journal-title":"IECE Electron. Express"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2009.5089551","article-title":"A multistage processing algorithm for disturbance removal and target detection in passive bistatic radar","volume":"45","author":"Colone","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2018.2805228","article-title":"Robust Clutter Rejection in Passive Radar via Generalized Subband Cancellation","volume":"54","author":"Yi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2018.5463","article-title":"Clutter and distortion products suppression methods for code division multiple access systems","volume":"13","author":"Stukovska","year":"2019","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griffiths, H.D., and Baker, C.J. (2007, January 12\u201314). The signal and interference environment in passive bistatic radar. Proceedings of the Information, Decision and Control, Adelaide, SA, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/IDC.2007.374516"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"2123","article-title":"Research on Co-channel Base Station Interference Suppression Method of Passive Radar Based on LTE Signal","volume":"41","author":"Lv","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electron. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barott, W.C., and Himed, B. (2015, January 10\u201315). Cochannel interference in ATSC passive radar. Proceedings of the IEEE Radar Conference, Arlington, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2015.7131190"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2138","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2018.2882959","article-title":"Cochannel Interference in DTMB-Based Passive Radar","volume":"55","author":"Yi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2017.2674138","article-title":"Dynamic Clutter Suppression and Multitarget Detection in a DVB-T Based Passive Radar","volume":"53","author":"Hasan","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zemmari, R., Knoedler, B., and Nickel, U. (May, January 29). GSM passive coherent location: Improving range resolution by mismatched filtering. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarCon13), Ottawa, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2013.6586014"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aldowesh, A., Shoaib, M., Jamil, K., Alhumaidi, S., and Alam, M. (2015, January 27\u201330). A passive bistatic radar experiment for very low radar cross-section target detection. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Radar Conference, Arlington, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/RadarConf.2015.7411917"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2008.0159","article-title":"Adaptive beamforming for high frequency over-the-horizon passive radar","volume":"3","author":"Fabrizio","year":"2009","journal-title":"IET Proceeding Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2012). Wang Haitao, Wang Jun, Li Hongwei Target detection using CDMA based passive bistatic radar. J. Syst. Eng. Electron., 23, 858\u2013865.","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEE.2012.00105"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2002.806865","article-title":"Robust adaptive beamforming using worst-case performance optimization: A solution to the Signal Mismatch Problem","volume":"51","author":"Vorobyov","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Processing"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2016). 3GPP TS 36.211 V13.2.0. Physical Channels and Modulation. 3GPP Organizational Partners."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2007.910971","article-title":"An interior-point method for large-scale l1-regularized LSs","volume":"1","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/1\/117\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:53:02Z","timestamp":1760169182000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/1\/117"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s22010117"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22010117","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]]}}}