{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T02:26:44Z","timestamp":1767925604874,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,25]],"date-time":"2021-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62175241, 62005286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62175241, 62005286"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We propose an imaging method based on optical fiber bundle combined with micro-scanning technique for improving image quality without complex image reconstruction algorithms. In the proposed method, a piezoelectric-ceramic-chip is used as the micro-displacement driver of the optical fiber bundle, which has the advantages of small volume, fast response speed and high precision. The corresponding displacement of the optical fiber bundle can be generated by precise voltage controlling. An optical fiber bundle with core\/cladding diameter 4\/80 \u03bcm and hexagonal arrangement is used to scan the 1951 USAF target. The scanning step is 1 \u03bcm, which is equivalent to the diffraction limit resolution of the optical system. The corresponding information is recorded at high speed through photo-detectors and a high-resolution image is obtained by image stitching processing. The minimum distinguishable stripe width of the proposed imaging technique with piezoelectric-ceramic-chip driven micro-scanning is approximately 2.1 \u03bcm, which is 1 time higher than that of direct imaging with a CCD camera whose pixel size is close to the fiber core size. The experimental results indicate that the optical fiber bundle combined with piezoelectric-ceramic-chip driven micro-scanning is a high-speed and high-precision technique for high-resolution imaging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22010127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]],"date-time":"2021-12-27T01:06:54Z","timestamp":1640567214000},"page":"127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Optical Fiber Bundle-Based High-Speed and Precise Micro-Scanning for Image High-Resolution Reconstruction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Jiali","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory on Adaptive Optics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China"},{"name":"Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory on Adaptive Optics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China"},{"name":"Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China"},{"name":"College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory on Adaptive Optics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China"},{"name":"Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China"},{"name":"College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Likang","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory on Adaptive Optics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China"},{"name":"Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China"},{"name":"College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziting","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory on Adaptive Optics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China"},{"name":"Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China"},{"name":"College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory on Adaptive Optics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China"},{"name":"Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China"},{"name":"College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory on Adaptive Optics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China"},{"name":"Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory on Adaptive Optics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China"},{"name":"Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chengdu Institute, Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Dazhou 635000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory on Adaptive Optics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China"},{"name":"Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory on Adaptive Optics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China"},{"name":"Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China"},{"name":"College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8287-9597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory on Adaptive Optics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China"},{"name":"Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.18.000565","article-title":"Confocal microscopy through a fiber-optic imaging bundle","volume":"18","author":"Gmitro","year":"1993","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9502","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.009502","article-title":"Fabrication and characterization of large numerical aperture, high-resolution optical fiber bundles based on high-contrast pairs of soft glasses for fluorescence imaging","volume":"27","author":"Morova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaav1555","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aav1555","article-title":"Optical fiber bundles: Ultra-slim light field imaging probes","volume":"5","author":"Orth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.8.002781","article-title":"Fiber bundle-based integrated platform for wide-field fluorescence imaging and patterned optical stimulation for modulation of vasoconstriction in the deep brain of a living animal","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1159\/000081209","article-title":"Fibered confocal fluorescence microscopy (Cell-viZio\u2122) facilitates extended imaging in the field of microcirculation","volume":"41","author":"Laemmel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1038\/353338a0","article-title":"A fibre-optic chemical sensor with discrete sensing sites","volume":"353","author":"Barnard","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17115","DOI":"10.3390\/s150717115","article-title":"Optical fibre pressure sensors in medical applications","volume":"15","author":"Poeggel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5556","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.16.005556","article-title":"Ultra-compact fiber-optic two-photon microscope for functional fluorescence imaging in vivo","volume":"16","author":"Engelbrecht","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.39.001921","article-title":"Toward a miniature endomicroscope: Pixelation-free and diffraction-limited imaging through a fiber bundle","volume":"39","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.43.001906","article-title":"Resolution enhancement for fiber bundle imaging using maximum a posteriori estimation","volume":"43","author":"Shao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.15.002151","article-title":"Numerical analysis of light propagation in image fibers or coherent fiber bundles","volume":"15","author":"Reichenbach","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4368","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.39.004368","article-title":"Random transverse motion-induced spatial compounding for fiber bundle imaging","volume":"39","author":"Cheon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21598","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.16.021598","article-title":"Experimental and theoretical analysis of core-to-core coupling on fiber bundle imaging","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"052302","DOI":"10.3788\/COL201109.052302","article-title":"Influencing factors of microscanning performance based on flat optical component","volume":"9","author":"Sui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3063","DOI":"10.1117\/12.178261","article-title":"Nonmechanical microscanning using optical space-fed phased arrays","volume":"33","author":"Barnard","year":"1994","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.44.001080","article-title":"Fiber bundle image restoration using deep learning","volume":"44","author":"Shao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2354","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2011.148","article-title":"Understanding blind deconvolution algorithms","volume":"33","author":"Levin","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26470","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.026470","article-title":"Deep learning approach for fourier ptychography microscopy","volume":"26","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, W., Gao, J., Qu, T., Zhou, S., and Zhao, D. (2021). Three-dimensional reconstruction of light field based on phase similarity. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21227734"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4560","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.47.004560","article-title":"Spectral background and transmission characteristics of fiber optic imaging bundles","volume":"47","author":"Udovich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.34.001536","article-title":"Comparing cross talk in doped scintillating-fiber bundles","volume":"34","author":"Sun","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.38.002023","article-title":"Elimination of honeycomb patterns in fiber bundle imaging by a superimposition method","volume":"38","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"185","article-title":"Realization of a fast microscanning device for infrared focal plane arrays","volume":"Volume 2743","author":"Fortin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Aerospace\/Defense Sensing and Controls"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"13","article-title":"Cubic convolution for super-resolution from microscanned images","volume":"Volume 5817","author":"Shi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Defense and Security"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/0734-189X(86)90028-9","article-title":"Algorithms for subpixel registration","volume":"35","author":"Tian","year":"1986","journal-title":"Comput. Vis. Graph. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2015.2437881","article-title":"High-speed image registration algorithm with subpixel accuracy","volume":"22","author":"Yousef","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Proc. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"7102812","article-title":"Experimental demonstration of coherent combining with tip\/tilt control based on adaptive space-to-fiber laser beam coupling","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Photon. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25045","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.025045","article-title":"Experimental demonstration of using divergence cost-function in SPGD algorithm for coherent beam combining with tip\/tilt control","volume":"21","author":"Geng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2015.112","article-title":"Seeing through chaos in multimode fibres","volume":"9","author":"Tyc","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Photon."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2024","article-title":"Exploiting multimode waveguides for pure fibre-based imaging","volume":"3","author":"Dholakia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2272","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.30.002272","article-title":"In vivo brain imaging using a portable 3.9 gram two-photon fluorescence micro-endoscope","volume":"30","author":"Flusberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/1\/127\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:53:20Z","timestamp":1760169200000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/1\/127"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,25]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s22010127"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22010127","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,25]]}}}