{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T05:01:10Z","timestamp":1772859670943,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]],"date-time":"2021-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51879116 and 51979024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51879116 and 51979024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Regarding the ice periods of the Yellow River, it is difficult to obtain ice data information. To effectively grasp the ice evolution process in the ice periods of the typical reach of the Yellow River, a fixed-point air-coupled radar remote monitoring device is proposed in this paper. The device is mainly composed of an air-coupled radar ice thickness measurement sensor, radar water level measurement sensor, temperature measurement sensor, high-definition infrared night vision instrument, remote switch control, telemetry communication machine, solar and wind power supply, lightning protection, and slewing arm steel tower. The integrated monitoring device can monitor ice thickness, water level, air temperature, ice surface temperature, and other related parameters in real time. At present, devices have obtained the ice change process of fixed points in ice periods from 2020 to 2021. Through a comparison with manual data, the mean error of the monitoring results of the water level and ice thickness was approximately 1 cm. The device realizes the real-time monitoring of ice thickness and water level change in the whole cycle at the fixed position. Through video monitoring, it can take pictures and videos regularly and realize the connection between the visual river and monitoring data. The research results provide a new model and new technology for hydrological monitoring in the ice periods of the Yellow River, which has broad application prospects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22010176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]],"date-time":"2021-12-28T06:55:03Z","timestamp":1640674503000},"page":"176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Dynamic and Full-Time Acquisition Technology and Method of Ice Data of Yellow River"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6884-1127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research, Zhengzhou 450003, China"},{"name":"Research Center on Levee Safety Disaster Prevention, MWR, Zhengzhou 450003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9701-1392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunjiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhijun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baosen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research, Zhengzhou 450003, China"},{"name":"Research Center on Levee Safety Disaster Prevention, MWR, Zhengzhou 450003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Development of ice observation and research on the Yellow River","volume":"1","author":"Zanting","year":"1989","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Inf. Yellow River"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"209","article-title":"Riverbed evolution during freezing period in Longkou-Tianqiao section of the middle reaches of the Yellow River","volume":"5","author":"Jueyi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"18","article-title":"Analysis and calculation of the ice jam stage in the Hequ Reach of the Yellow River","volume":"2","author":"Jueyi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hydrology"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"279","article-title":"Study on ice conditions of rivers, lakes and seas in China","volume":"3","author":"Zanting","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Glaciol. Geocryol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"51","article-title":"Research on river ice jam and its significance","volume":"3","author":"Sun","year":"1990","journal-title":"Adv. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"46","article-title":"Critical conditions of ice diving in front of ice cover","volume":"10","author":"Jueyi","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Sujuan, K., Min, W., and Suqiu, R. (2002). Study on the Ice of the Yellow River, Yellow River Water Conservancy Press."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"164","article-title":"A laboratory study of starting velocity of no cohesive sediment under ice cover","volume":"2","author":"Jun","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hydro-Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"61","article-title":"A study on ice jam in balance transporting discharge","volume":"1","author":"Jun","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Hydroelectr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"117","article-title":"A study on the relations about balance ice jam thickness with its flow conditions and ice discharge","volume":"38","author":"Jun","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Lanzhou Univ. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"102","article-title":"Analysis of stages under-covered in winter","volume":"18","author":"Jun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Water Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Parkinson, F.E. (1982, January 1\u20132). Water temperature observations during breakup on the Liard-Mackenzie River system. Proceedings of the Workshop on Hydraulics of Ice-Covered Rivers, Edmonton, AB, Canada."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-232X(87)90042-5","article-title":"Water temperature and heat flux at the base of river ice covers","volume":"14","author":"Marsh","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cold Reg. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Gerard, R., and Jasek, M. (1990). Break-Up Observations and Ice Jam Flood Forecast Algorithm Evaluation, Hay River, NWT, 1989, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Alberta."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Ford, J.S., Beltaos, S., Moody, W.J., and Madsen, N. (1991, January 18\u201320). Remote measurement of ice jam thickness. Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Hydraulics of Ice Covered Rivers, Edmonton, AB, Canada."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1139\/l03-030","article-title":"Characteristics of ice in the St. Lawrence River","volume":"30","author":"Brian","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can. J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Jasek, M., Hydro, B., Marko, J.R., and Fissel, D.B. (2005, January 15\u201316). Instrument for detecting freeze-up, mid-winter and break-up ice processes in rivers. Proceedings of the 13th Workshop on the Hydraulics of Ice Covered Rivers, Edmonton, AB, Canada."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"61","article-title":"A introduction to the ice thickness monitoring of pile type without freezing hole","volume":"21","author":"Desheng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hydrology"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"90","article-title":"Experimental study on the monitoring technology of ice flow on Ningxia-Inner Mongolia section of the Yellow River","volume":"4","author":"Baosen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Heilongjiang Hydraul. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"210","article-title":"An introduction of the techniques for sea ice investigation during the 19th Chinese Antarctic expedition","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Glaciol. Geocryol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1077","article-title":"A new observation technology of key indexes of Arctic sea ice generation and dissipation","volume":"14","author":"Zhijun","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"202","article-title":"Sea ice investigation in China 2003 and future arctic ice research tactic","volume":"16","author":"Zhijun","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chin. J. Polar Res."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"58","article-title":"The method for measuring ice interface using non-linear acoustics","volume":"24","author":"Yihua","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ocean Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"55","article-title":"New ice thickness sensor based on electric conduction characteristic of water and ice","volume":"23","author":"Jianmin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Transducer Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Jianmin, Q. (2005). Research on Theory and Application for Detecting the Thickness of Ice Layer Based on Distinct Conductivity of Air, Ice and Water. [Ph.D. Thesis, Xi\u2019an University of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"418","article-title":"Ice layer-thickness sensor and its measuring method","volume":"3","author":"Jianmin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Water Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"877","article-title":"Ground resistivity technique measurement for ice jam early warning at freeze-up period of the Yellow River","volume":"17","author":"Peitong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Water Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"43","article-title":"Preliminary study on geo-electricity early warning of Yellow River ice slush","volume":"27","author":"Peitong","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Tianjin Norm. Univ. Nat. Sci. Ed."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"679","article-title":"Application for MODIS data on the ice flood monitoring of Yellow River","volume":"29","author":"Junjie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geomat. Inf. Sci. Wuhan Univ."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"58","article-title":"Dynamic and real-time monitoring on ice-jam flood of Ningxia-Inner Mongolia reach of Yellow River based on MODIS data","volume":"9","author":"Zhihui","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Resour. Hydropower Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"34","article-title":"The application of UAV remote sensing system on ice monitoring for Yellow River","volume":"4","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"China Flood Drought Manag."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"217","article-title":"Experimental study on Yellow River ice thickness monitoring test based on UAV Radar technology","volume":"3","author":"Hui","year":"2020","journal-title":"South-North Water Transf. Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"630","article-title":"Application of UAV radar in survey of ice thickness and ice structure","volume":"6","author":"Hui","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Drain. Irrig. Mach. Eng."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/1\/176\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:54:41Z","timestamp":1760169281000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/1\/176"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s22010176"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22010176","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]]}}}