{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:40:39Z","timestamp":1760236839437,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]],"date-time":"2021-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this work is the authors\u2019 attempt to identify the main phases of information transformation in measurement channels on the example of an optical measurement channel with microprocessor control. The authors include such phases: hardware implementation and analytical representation of an optical sensor\u2019s converting functions and a current-to-voltage converter; based on the methods of experimental computer science, the converting functions and sensitivity are deduced, analytical dependences for estimation of a range of measurement are obtained. It is shown that the choice of information transmission type in the microprocessor measuring channel significantly affects the speed of the measuring channel. Based on the uncertainty in the form of entropy before and after measurements, the amount of information for measuring channels with optoelectronic sensors is estimated. The application of the results obtained in the work allows even at the design stage of physical and mathematical modeling to assess the basic static metrological characteristics of measuring channels, aimed at reducing the stage of development and debugging of hardware and software and standardization of their metrological characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22010271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]],"date-time":"2021-12-30T23:29:07Z","timestamp":1640906947000},"page":"271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Information Conversion in Measuring Channels with Optoelectronic Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Vasyl V.","family":"Kukharchuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty for Power Engineering and Electromechanics, Vinnytsia National Technical University, Khmelnytske Shose 95, 21021 Vinnytsia, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergii V.","family":"Pavlov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biomedical Optics, Faculty for Infocommunications, Radioelectronics and Nanosystems, Vinnytsia National Technical University, Khmelnytske Shose 95, 21021 Vinnytsia, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Volodymyr S.","family":"Holodiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty for Power Engineering and Electromechanics, Vinnytsia National Technical University, Khmelnytske Shose 95, 21021 Vinnytsia, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valery E.","family":"Kryvonosov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of \u201cEngineering and Technology\u201d of the Azov Maritime Institute, NU \u201cOdessa Maritime Academy\u201d, st. Chernomorskaya, 19, 87517 Mariupol, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Skorupski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 38d, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Assel","family":"Mussabekova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Logistics and Transport, 97 Shevchenko st., Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gaini","family":"Karnakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M.Kh.Dulaty Taraz Regional University, Tole Bi St 40, Taraz 080000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kozhemyako, V.P., Gotra, Z.Y., and Pavlov, S.V. (2002). Circuitry of Modern Device Building: Part 3 Optical Sensors, VSTU."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Dorozhynsky, G.V., Maslov, V.P., and Ushenin, Y.V. (2016). Sensor Devices Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance, Publishing House Polytechnic."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Kukharchuk, V.V., Kucheruk, V.Y., Volodarsky, E.T., and Grabko, V.V. (2013). Fundamentals of Metrology and Electrical Measurements: A Textbook, Oldi-Plus."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Ornatsky, P.P. (1994). Introduction to the Methodology of the Science of Measurement, Tutorial."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/28\/3\/R01","article-title":"Photoplethysmography and its application in clinical physiological measurement","volume":"28","author":"Allen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Kozlovska, T.I., Zlepko, S.M., and Kolesnic, P.F. (September, January 31). Optoelectronic multispectral device for determining the state of peripheral blood circulation. Proceedings of the Photonics Applications in Astronomy, Communications, Industry, and High Energy Physics Experiments 2020, Wilga, Poland."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"332","article-title":"Multi wavelenght pulse oximetry in the measurement of gemoglobin fractions","volume":"Volume 2676","author":"Khairullina","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Photonics West 1996"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Kukharchuk, V.V., Vedmitsky, Y.G., and Volodarsky, E.T. (2014). Function of analytical quantization of continuous, piecewise continuous and discrete signals. Metrol. Devices, 4\u201310."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Novitsky, P.V., and Zograf, I.A. (1985). Measurements Results Errors Estimation, Energoatomizdat."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Shannon, K. (1963). Mathematical Theory of Communication, Works on the Theory of Information and Cybernetics, Publishing House of Foreign Literature."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Shannon, K. (1963). Modern Achievements of Communication Theory, Works on Information Theory and Cybernetics, Publishing House of Foreign Literature."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Malikov, M.F. (1949). Fundamentals of Metrology, Part 1, Standartgiz."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"51","article-title":"Tensogalometry","volume":"1","author":"Vasilenko","year":"1998","journal-title":"Russ. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"38","article-title":"Treatment of patients with critical ischemia of the lower extremities with common atherosclerotic lesion of the arterial bed","volume":"35","author":"Kurdo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Interv. Cardioangiol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"41","article-title":"Combined method of stimulation of neoangiogenesis in patients with critical ischemia of the lower extremities","volume":"6","author":"Zaitseva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Success Mod. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"84","article-title":"Transluminal balloon angioplasty in patients with diabetes mellitus with critical ischemia of the lower extremities","volume":"2","author":"Kaputin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Acad. J."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"62","article-title":"Balloon angioplasty in the treatment of critical ischemia of the lower extremities","volume":"1","author":"Kaputin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mod. Technol. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"50","article-title":"The results of treatment of patients with critical ischemia of the lower limb and distal arterial lesions","volume":"1","author":"Kislov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ural Med. J."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"92","article-title":"Peripheral Angioplasty (PAP) with atypical blood supply in patients with critical ischemia","volume":"24","author":"Ovcharenko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Interv. Cardioangiol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"153","article-title":"Revascularization of the lower extremities in patients with critical ischemia due to infra-red blood vessel arteries","volume":"4","author":"Pityk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Angiol. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"45","article-title":"Effectiveness of cell therapy in patients with critical ischemia of the lower extremities","volume":"2","author":"Sedov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reg. Blood Circ. Microcirc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.01.027","article-title":"Below-the-ankle angioplasty is a feasible and effective intervention for critical leg ischaemia","volume":"39","author":"Abdelhamid","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.08.008","article-title":"Inframalleolar bypass grafts for limb salvage","volume":"40","author":"Brochado","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3400\/avd.oa.14-00070","article-title":"Bypass vs. endovascular therapy of infrapopliteal lesions for critical limb ischemia","volume":"7","author":"Masaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Vasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2008.01.005","article-title":"Meta-analysis of infrapopliteal angioplasty for chronic critical limb ischemia","volume":"47","author":"Romiti","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2012.09.020","article-title":"Impact of cilostazol on angiographic restenosis after balloon angioplasty for infrapopliteal artery disease in patients with critical limb ischemia","volume":"44","author":"Soga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Pavlov, S.V., Kozlovska, T.I., and Vasilenko, V.B. (2014). Opto-Electronic Devices for Diagnosis of Peripheral Circulation with High Reliability. [Ph.D. Thesis, Vinnitsa National Medical University]."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavlov, S.V., Sander, S.V., Kozlovska, T.I., Kaminsky, A.S., Wojcik, W., and Junisbekov, M.S. (2012, January 10\u201313). Laser photoplethysmography in integrated evaluation of collateral circulation of lower extremities. Proceedings of the Optical Fibers and Their Applications 2012, Krasnobrod, Poland.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2019336"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"98161K","article-title":"Laser photoplethysmography in integrated evaluation of collateral circulation of lower extremities","volume":"9816","author":"Sander","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Fibers Appl."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W\u00f3jcik, W., and Smolarz, A. (2017). Information Technology in Medical Diagnostics, Taylor & Francis Group CRC Press Reference.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315098050"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"149","article-title":"Energy harvesting: An interesting topic for education programs in engineering specialities","volume":"1","author":"Vassilenko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Internet Educ. Sci. IES"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Pavlov, S.V., Kozhemiako, V.P., and Kolesnik, P.F. (2010). Physical Principles of Biomedical Optics, Vinnytsia National Technical University."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Pavlov, S.V., Kozhemiako, V.P., Petruk, V.G., and Kolesnik, P.F. (2007). Photoplethysmohrafic Technologies of the Cardiovascular Control, Universum."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W\u00f3jcik, W., Pavlov, S., and Kalimoldayev, M. (2019). Information Technology in Medical Diagnostics II, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429057618"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"121","article-title":"Electro-optical system for the automated selection of dental implants according to their colour matching","volume":"93","author":"Pavlov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Przegl\u0105d Elektrotechniczny"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Kholin, V.V., Chepurna, O.M., Shton, I.O., Voytsehovich, V.S., Azarov, O.D., Pavlov, S.V., Gamaleia, N.F., and Harasim, D. (June, January 29). Methods and fiber optics spectrometry system for control of photosensitizer in tissue during photodynamic therapy. Proceedings of the Photonics Applications in Astronomy, Communications, Industry, and High-Energy Physics Experiments, Wilga, Poland."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Rovira, R.H., Tuzhanskyy, S.Y., Pavlov, S.V., Savenkov, S.N., Kolomiets, I.S., Stasenko, V.A., Bayas, M.M., Omiotek, Z., Ma\u0142ecka-Massalska, T., and Dzier\u017cak, R. (June, January 29). Polarimetric characterisation of histological section of skin with pathological changes. Proceedings of the Photonics Applications in Astronomy, Communications, Industry, and High-Energy Physics Experiments, Wilga, Poland."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"98161E","article-title":"Diagnostic efficiency of Mueller-matrix polarization reconstruction system of the phase structure of liver tissue","volume":"Volume 9816","author":"Zabolotna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Optical Fibers and Their Applications 2015"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"98161J","article-title":"Classification of CT-brain slices based on local histograms","volume":"Volume 9816","author":"Avrunin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Optical Fibers and Their Applications 2015"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Kukharchuk, V.V., Hraniak, V.F., Vedmitskyi, Y.G., Bogachuk, V.V., Zyska, T., Komada, P., and Sadikova, G. (June, January 29). Noncontact method of temperature measurement based on the phenomenon of the luminophor temperature decreasing. Proceedings of the Photonics Applications in Astronomy, Communications, Industry, and High-Energy Physics Experiments, Wilga, Poland."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"98161F","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy with laser scanning mode of tumor irradiation","volume":"Volume 9816","author":"Chepurna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Optical Fibers and Their Applications"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubolazov, A.V., Koval, G.D., Zabolotna, N.I., and Pavlov, S.V. (2013, January 18\u201321). Fractal structure of optical anisotropy Mueller-matrices images of biological layers. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Correlation Optics, Chernivtsi, Ukraine.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2053848"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86980E","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2019715","article-title":"Diagnostics of pathologically changed birefringent networks by means of phase Mueller matrix tomography","volume":"Volume 8698","author":"Zabolotna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Optical Fibers and Their Applications 2012"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86980T","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2019732","article-title":"Methods and resources for imaging polarimetry","volume":"Volume 8698","author":"Rovira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Optical Fibers and Their Applications 2012"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zabolotna, N.I., Pavlov, S.V., Ushenko, A.G., Karachevtsev, A.O., Savich, V.O., Sobko, O.V., and Olar, O. (2014, January 17). System of the phase tomography of optically anisotropic polycrystalline films of biological fluids. Proceedings of the SPIE NanoScience + Engineering, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2061116"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"916615","article-title":"Multivariate system of polarization tomography of biological crystals birefringence networks","volume":"9166","author":"Zabolotna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosensing Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"69","article-title":"New non-system physical quantities for vibration monitoring of transient processes at hydropower facilities, integral vibratory accelerations","volume":"93","author":"Vedmitskyi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Przegl\u0105d Elektrotechniczny"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"21","article-title":"Development of a method of processing images of laser beam bands with the use of parallelhierarchic networks","volume":"6","author":"Tymchenko","year":"2019","journal-title":"East. Eur. J. Enterp. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"65","article-title":"Discrete wavelet transformation in spectral analysis of vibration processes at hydropower units","volume":"93","author":"Kukharchuk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Przegl\u0105d Elektrotechniczny"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Kukharchuk, V.V., Bogachuk, V.V., Hraniak, V.F., W\u00f3jcik, W., Suleimenov, B., and Karnakova, G. (September, January 31). Method of magneto-elastic control of mechanic rigidity in assemblies of hydropower units. Proceedings of the Photonics Applications in Astronomy, Communications, Industry, and High Energy Physics Experiments, Wilga, Poland."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/1\/271\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:56:16Z","timestamp":1760169376000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/1\/271"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s22010271"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22010271","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]]}}}