{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T22:16:09Z","timestamp":1774908969418,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]],"date-time":"2021-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Xiamen University Tan Kah Kee College","award":["JG2019SRF05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JG2019SRF05"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The fuel injection system is one of the key components of an in-cylinder direct injection engine. Its performance directly affects the economy, power and emission of the engine. Previous research found that the Taguchi method can be used to optimize the fuel injection map and operation parameters of the injection system. The electronic control injector was able to steadily control the operation performance of a high-pressure fuel injection system, but its control was not accurate enough. This paper conducts an experimental analysis for the fuel injection quantity of DI injectors using the Taguchi-Regression approach, and provides a decision-making analysis to improve the design of electronic elements for the driving circuit. In order to develop a more stable and energy-saving driver, a functional experiment was carried out. The hybrid Taguchi-regression algorithm for injection quantity of a direct injection injector was examined to verify the feasibility of the proposed algorithm. This paper also introduces the development of a high-pressure fuel injection system and provides a new theoretical basis for optimizing the performance of an in-cylinder gasoline direct injection engine. Finally, a simulation study for the fuel injection control system was carried out under the environment of MATLAB\/Simulink to validate the theoretical concepts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22010277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]],"date-time":"2021-12-30T23:29:07Z","timestamp":1640906947000},"page":"277","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Hybrid Taguchi-Regression Algorithm for a Fuel Injection Control System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2407-0359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen-Chang","family":"Tsai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University Tan Kah Kee College, Zhangzhou 363105, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leach, F., Knorsch, T., Laidig, C., and Wiese, W. (2018). A review of the Requirements for Injection Systems and the Effects of Fuel Quality on Particulate Emissions from GDI Engines, SAE International. SAE Technical Paper 2018-01-1710.","DOI":"10.4271\/2018-01-1710"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raza, M., Chen, L., Leach, F., and Ding, S. (2018). A review of particulate number (PN) emissions from gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines and their control techniques. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11061417"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiangjian, A., Xiyan, B.G., and Chunde, C.Y. (2006, January 13\u201316). An Experimental Study on Fuel Injection System and Emission of a Small GDI Engine. Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE\/ASME International Conference on Mechatronics and Embedded Systems and Applications, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/MESA.2006.296988"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"70","article-title":"Design of the electrical drive for the high-pressure GDI injector in a 500cc motorbike engine","volume":"2","author":"Tsai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Ind."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.4271\/2014-01-1445","article-title":"Impact of control methods on dynamic characteristic of high speed solenoid injectors","volume":"7","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"SAE Int. J. Engines"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsai, W.C., and Zhan, T.S. (2018). An Experimental Characterization for Injection Quantity of a High-pressure Injector in GDI Engines. J. Low Power Electron. Appl., 8.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201808.0518.v1"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Lochner, R.H., and Matar, J.E. (1990). Designing for Quality. An Introduction to the Best of Taguchi and Western Methods of Statistical Method Design, Chapman & Hall."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Lee, H. (2010). Taguchi Methods: Principles and Practices of Quality Design, Gau Lih Book Co. Ltd."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35672","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2975014","article-title":"Drive Control Simulation and Experimental Studies on the Flow Characteristics of a Pump Injector","volume":"8","author":"Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2019.116408","article-title":"Parametric investigation of low pressure dual-fuel direct injection on the combustion performance and emissions characteristics in a RCCI engine fueled with diesel and CH4","volume":"260","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsai, W.-C. (2020). Optimization of operating parameters for stable and high operating performance of a GDI fuel injector system. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13102405"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3233\/JAE-170100","article-title":"Development of a novel dual-coil fuel injector for direct-injection spark ignition engines","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Electromagn. Mech."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.4271\/2014-01-1442","article-title":"Direct fuel injector power drive system optimization","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"SAE Int. J. Engines"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Posey, N.A., Wu, T., Wolff, M., and Zumberge, J. (2012, January 25\u201327). Modeling and control scheme design of a solenoid-actuated fuel injection system. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE National Aerospace and Electronics Conference (NAECON), Dayton, OH, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/NAECON.2012.6531035"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2015.08.053","article-title":"Power losses and dynamic response analysis of ultra high-speed solenoid injector within different driven strategies","volume":"91","author":"Qiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2014.06.012","article-title":"Cracknell, R. Impact of fuel and injection system on particle emissions from a GDI engine","volume":"132","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.07.051","article-title":"Experimental study of hydraulic electronic unit injector in a hydraulic free piston engine","volume":"179","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687814018817421","DOI":"10.1177\/1687814018817421","article-title":"A simulation and experimental study on the operating characteristics of a solenoid gas injector","volume":"11","author":"Hung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mech. Eng."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/1\/277\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:56:22Z","timestamp":1760169382000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/1\/277"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s22010277"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22010277","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]]}}}