{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T02:41:24Z","timestamp":1771209684617,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]],"date-time":"2021-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DPI2017-83952-C3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DPI2017-83952-C3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011698","name":"Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SBPLY\/17\/180501\/000411"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SBPLY\/17\/180501\/000411"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011698","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003359","name":"Generalitat Valenciana","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AICO\/2021\/286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AICO\/2021\/286"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atrial substrate modification after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (pAF) can be assessed non-invasively by analyzing P-wave duration in the electrocardiogram (ECG). However, whether right (RA) and left atrium (LA) contribute equally to this phenomenon remains unknown. The present study splits fundamental P-wave features to investigate the different RA and LA contributions to P-wave duration. Recordings of 29 pAF patients undergoing first-ever PVI were acquired before and after PVI. P-wave features were calculated: P-wave duration (PWD), duration of the first (PWDon-peak) and second (PWDpeak-off) P-wave halves, estimating RA and LA conduction, respectively. P-wave onset (PWon-R) or offset (PWoff-R) to R-peak interval, measuring combined atrial\/atrioventricular and single atrioventricular conduction, respectively. Heart-rate fluctuation was corrected by scaling. Pre- and post-PVI results were compared with Mann\u2013Whitney U-test. PWD was correlated with the remaining features. Only PWD (non-scaling: \u0394=\u22129.84%, p=0.0085, scaling: \u0394=\u221217.96%, p=0.0442) and PWDpeak-off (non-scaling: \u0394=\u221222.03%, p=0.0250, scaling: \u0394=\u221227.77%, p=0.0268) were decreased. Correlation of all features with PWD was significant before\/after PVI (p&lt;0.0001), showing the highest value between PWD and PWon-R (\u03c1max=0.855). PWD correlated more with PWDon-peak (\u03c1= 0.540\u20130.805) than PWDpeak-off (\u03c1= 0.419\u20130.710). PWD shortening after PVI of pAF stems mainly from the second half of the P-wave. Therefore, noninvasive estimation of LA conduction time is critical for the study of atrial substrate modification after PVI and should be addressed by splitting the P-wave in order to achieve improved estimations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22010290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T23:08:26Z","timestamp":1641769706000},"page":"290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Splitting the P-Wave: Improved Evaluation of Left Atrial Substrate Modification after Pulmonary Vein Isolation of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5984-904X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aikaterini","family":"Vraka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BioMIT.org, Electronic Engineering Department, Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5309-0562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicente","family":"Bertomeu-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Medicine Department, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University, 03202 Elche, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7560-2781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Hornero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4709-1993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aurelio","family":"Quesada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arrhythmia Unit, Cardiology Department, General University Hospital Consortium of Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0942-3638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Alcaraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group in Electronic, Biomedical and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 16071 Cuenca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3364-6380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 J.","family":"Rieta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioMIT.org, Electronic Engineering Department, Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"374","article-title":"2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)","volume":"42","author":"Hindricks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. 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