{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T06:59:13Z","timestamp":1771484353632,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]],"date-time":"2021-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61735013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61735013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62025505"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62025505"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we proposed and experimentally demonstrated an opto-mechatronics system to detect the micro-deformation of tracks caused by running trains. The fiber Bragg grating (FBG) array acting as sensing elements has a low peak reflectivity of around \u221240 dB. The center wavelengths were designed to alternate between 1551 nm and 1553 nm at 25 \u00b0C. Based on dual-wavelength, wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM)\/time-division multiplexing (TDM) hybrid networking, we adopted optical time-domain reflectometry (OTDR) technology and a wavelength-scanning interrogation method to achieve FBG array signal demodulation. The field experimental results showed that the average wavelength shift of the FBG array caused by the passage of the lightest rail vehicle was \u2212225 pm. Characteristics of the train-track system, such as track occupancy, train length, number of wheels, train speed, direction, and loading can be accurately obtained in real time. This opto-mechatronics system can meet the requirements of 600 mm spatial resolution, long distance, and large capacity for monitoring the train-track system. This method exhibits great potential for applications in large-scale train-track monitoring, which is meaningful for the safe operation of rail transport.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22010296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T23:08:26Z","timestamp":1641769706000},"page":"296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Opto-Mechatronics System for Train-Track Micro Deformation Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Weibing","family":"Gan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Fiber Optic Sensing Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"}]},{"given":"Shiyu","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Fiber Optic Sensing Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"}]},{"given":"Lingyun","family":"Ai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Fiber Optic Sensing Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"}]},{"given":"Cui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Fiber Optic Sensing Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"}]},{"given":"Jianguan","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Fiber Optic Sensing Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Fenxia, T., Shiwu, Y., Yong, C., and Pei, W. (2020). Fault Diagnosis of Jointless Track Circuit Based on Deep Learning, Beijing Jiaotong University."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"104","article-title":"Analysis of ZPW-2000A track circuit red-light strap fault cases","volume":"18","author":"Zhiyong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Railw. Commun. Signal. Enging. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"84","article-title":"Automatic train protection scheme based on image recognition and multi-perception fusion","volume":"55","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Railw. Signal. Commun."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Wang, Y. (2019). Research on Segmentation and Recognition Algorithm for High-Speed Railway, Beijing Jiaotong University."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"31","article-title":"Application of Beidou Navigation Satellite System in railway synchronization network","volume":"55","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Railw. Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"117","article-title":"Precision analysis of GPS in high speed railway control survey-taking Xicheng high speed railway as an example","volume":"10","author":"Xia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull. Surv. Mapp."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5600911","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2021.3078126","article-title":"Optical sensors for industry 4.0","volume":"27","author":"Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, F.Z., Hoult, N.A., Butler, L.J., and Zhang, M. (2021). Distributed monitoring of rail lateral buckling under axial loading. J. Civil. Struct. Health Monit., 1\u201318.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13349-021-00504-w"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1063\/1.89881","article-title":"Photosensitivity in optical fiber waveguides: Application filter fabrication","volume":"32","author":"Hill","year":"1978","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.14.000823","article-title":"Formation of bragg gratings in optical fiber s by a transverse holographic method","volume":"14","author":"Meltz","year":"1989","journal-title":"Optics Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"085203","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6501\/ab8710","article-title":"Bend monitoring and refractive index sensing using flat fibre and multicore bragg gratings","volume":"31","author":"Holmes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2516","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2020.2974998","article-title":"All-fiber two-dimensional inclinometer based on bragg gratings inscribed in a seven-core multi-core fiber","volume":"38","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mihailov, S.J., Hnatovsky, C., Abdukerim, N., Walker, R.B., Lu, P., Xu, Y., Bao, X., Ding, H., De Silva, M., and Coulas, D.J.S. (2021). Ultrafast laser processing of optical fibers for sensing applications. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041447"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S., and Lee, J. (2020). Braided fabrication of a fiber bragg grating sensor. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202008.0121.v1"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"060901","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.59.6.060901","article-title":"Fiber bragg grating sensors for monitoring of physical parameters: A comprehensive review","volume":"59","author":"Sahota","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2019.111728","article-title":"A review of railway infrastructure monitoring using fiber optic sensors","volume":"303","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1520\/GTJ20140123","article-title":"Application of optical-fiber bragg grating sensors in monitoring the rail track deformations","volume":"38","author":"Hussaini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geotech. Test. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1007\/s11082-016-0616-9","article-title":"Fibre optic track vibration monitoring system","volume":"48","author":"Kepak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-09617-9_63","article-title":"Structural health monitoring in the railway field by fiber-optic sensors","volume":"319","author":"Minardo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Electric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5177","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2019.2949752","article-title":"Monitoring large railways infrastructures using hybrid optical fibers sensor systems","volume":"21","author":"Philippe","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2018.07.157","article-title":"Compact fiber optic trackside sensor for rail vehicle detection and analysis","volume":"51","author":"Kepak","year":"2018","journal-title":"IFAC-Papers Online"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2010.2049199","article-title":"A fiber bragg grating sensor system for train axle counting","volume":"10","author":"Wei","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2011.2135848","article-title":"Real-time monitoring of railway traffic using fiber bragg grating sensors","volume":"12","author":"Filograno","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Kyle, A., Ajay, R., and Andreas, S. (2017). High-resolution health monitoring of track and rail systems with fiber optic sensors and high-frequency multiplexed readouts. Int. J. Progn. Health Manag., 81\u201385."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"107","article-title":"Monitoring system of track circuit system based on optical fiber sensor","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Shijiazhuang Tiedao Univ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622001","DOI":"10.3788\/IRLA201948.0622001","article-title":"Monitoring system of railway track based on identity weak fiber Bragg grating array","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infrared Laser Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5500106","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2021.3119960","article-title":"Sensitivity enhancement for fiber bragg grating strain sensing based on optoelectronic oscillator with vernier effect","volume":"13","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2021.102772","article-title":"Drawing-tower inscription of apodized fiber bragg grating arrays using a rotated focusing cylindrical lens","volume":"68","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Optic. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2019.2961623","article-title":"Importance of internal tensile stress in forming low-loss fiber draw-tower gratings","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s13320-021-0635-4","article-title":"Multi-Wavelength ultra-weak fiber bragg grating arrays for long-distance quasi-distributed sensing","volume":"12","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photonic Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19960806","article-title":"Effects diametric load on fiber bragg grating fabricated in low birefringent fiber","volume":"32","author":"Wagreich","year":"1996","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"717","article-title":"Radial force detection technology of fiber Bragg grating","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Photons."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/1\/296\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:56:53Z","timestamp":1760169413000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/1\/296"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s22010296"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22010296","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]]}}}