{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T10:09:54Z","timestamp":1767262194323,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]],"date-time":"2022-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006261","name":"Taif University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TURSP-2020\/300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TURSP-2020\/300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reaching a flat network is the main target of future evolved packet core for the 5G mobile networks. The current 4th generation core network is centralized architecture, including Serving Gateway and Packet-data-network Gateway; both act as mobility and IP anchors. However, this architecture suffers from non-optimal routing and intolerable latency due to many control messages. To overcome these challenges, we propose a partially distributed architecture for 5th generation networks, such that the control plane and data plane are fully decoupled. The proposed architecture is based on including a node Multi-session Gateway to merge the mobility and IP anchor gateway functionality. This work presented a control entity with the full implementation of the control plane to achieve an optimal flat network architecture. The impact of the proposed evolved packet Core structure in attachment, data delivery, and mobility procedures is validated through simulation. Several experiments were carried out by using NS-3 simulation to validate the results of the proposed architecture. The Numerical analysis is evaluated in terms of total transmission delay, inter and intra handover delay, queuing delay, and total attachment time. Simulation results show that the proposed architecture performance-enhanced end-to-end latency over the legacy architecture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22010349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T23:08:26Z","timestamp":1641769706000},"page":"349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["An Efficient 5G Data Plan Approach Based on Partially Distributed Mobility Architecture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3864-7323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Al Shinwan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science and Informatics, Amman Arab University, Amman 11953, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2203-4549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laith","family":"Abualigah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science and Informatics, Amman Arab University, Amman 11953, Jordan"},{"name":"School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trong-Dinh","family":"Huy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 633165, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Younes Shdefat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IST\/TNT Department, College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 15453, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Altalhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management Information System, College of Business Administration, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chulsoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 633165, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaker","family":"El-Sappagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Galala University, Suez 435611, Egypt"},{"name":"Information Systems Department, Faculty of Computers and Artificial Intelligence, Benha University, Banha 13518, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Abd Elaziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Galala University, Suez 435611, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"},{"name":"Artificial Intelligence Research Center (AIRC), Ajman University, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"School of Computer Science and Robotics, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9559-4352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyung Sup","family":"Kwak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2019.1800425","article-title":"Mobile edge vertical computing over 5G network sliced infrastructures: An insight into integration approaches","volume":"57","author":"Bruschi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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