{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T13:07:05Z","timestamp":1776776825683,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]],"date-time":"2022-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["PID2019-107258RB-C32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-107258RB-C32"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A new method to process the vibration signal acquired by an accelerometer placed in a planetary gearbox housing is proposed, which is useful to detect potential faults. The method is based on the phenomenological model and consists of the projection of the healthy vibration signals onto an orthonormal basis. Low pass components representation and Gram\u2013Schmidt\u2019s method are conveniently used to obtain such a basis. Thus, the measured signals can be represented by a set of scalars that provide information on the gear state. If these scalars are within a predefined range, then the gear can be diagnosed as correct; in the opposite case, it will require further evaluation. The method is validated using measured vibration signals obtained from a laboratory test bench.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22010366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T23:08:26Z","timestamp":1641769706000},"page":"366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Fault Detection of Planetary Gears Based on Signal Space Constellations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7932-5534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maite","family":"Martincorena-Arraiza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Smart Cities, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Campus Arrosadia, 31006 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4136-5079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos A.","family":"De La Cruz Blas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Smart Cities, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Campus Arrosadia, 31006 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7629-0305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Lopez-Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Smart Cities, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Campus Arrosadia, 31006 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2742-8878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristi\u00e1n Molina","family":"Vicu\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Vibraciones Mec\u00e1nicas, Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Mec\u00e1nica, Universidad de Concepcion, Edmundo Larenas 219, Concepcion 4070409, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2229-6178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignacio R.","family":"Mat\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Smart Cities, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Campus Arrosadia, 31006 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9585","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2796939","article-title":"Hybrid Electric Powertrain Design Methodology With Planetary Gear Sets for Performance and Fuel Economy","volume":"6","author":"Dagci","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s13272-016-0191-6","article-title":"Possibilities and difficulties for rotorcraft using variable transmission drive trains","volume":"7","author":"Amri","year":"2016","journal-title":"CEAS Aeronaut. 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