{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T15:05:56Z","timestamp":1774451156761,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]],"date-time":"2022-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002822","name":"Central South University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51925808"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51925808"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002822","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002822","name":"Central South University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52078504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52078504"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002822","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002822","name":"Central South University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1934209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1934209"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002822","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Structural damage identification technology is of great significance to improve the reliability and safety of civil structures and has attracted much attention in the study of structural health monitoring. In this paper, a novel structural damage identification method based on transmissibility in the time domain is proposed. The method takes the discrepancy of transmissibility of structure response in the time domain before and after damage as the basis of finite element model updating. The damage is located and quantified through iteration by minimizing the difference between the measurements at gauge locations and the reconstruction response extrapolated by the finite element model. Taking advantage of the response reconstruction method based on empirical mode decomposition, damage information can be obtained in the absence of prior knowledge on excitation. Moreover, this method directly collects time-domain data for identification without modal identification and frequent time\u2013frequency conversion, which can greatly improve efficiency on the premise of ensuring accuracy. A numerical example is used to demonstrate the overall damage identification method, and the study of measurement noise shows that the method has strong robustness. Finally, the present work investigates the method through a simply supported overhanging beam. The experiments collect the vibration strain signals of the beam via resistance strain gauges. The comparison between identification results and theoretical values shows the effectiveness and accuracy of the method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22010393","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T23:08:26Z","timestamp":1641769706000},"page":"393","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Structural Damage Identification Based on Transmissibility in Time Domain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Yunfeng","family":"Zou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China"}]},{"given":"Xuandong","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China"}]},{"given":"Jinsong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China"}]},{"given":"Tiantian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2746-182X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuhui","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2021.109476","article-title":"3D torsional experimental strain modal analysis for structural health monitoring using piezoelectric sensors","volume":"180","author":"Aulakh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2018.07.051","article-title":"Applications of neural network models for structural health monitoring based on derived modal properties","volume":"129","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2020.108495","article-title":"Evaluation of the sparse reconstruction and the delay-and-sum damage imaging methods for structural health monitoring under different environmental and operational conditions","volume":"169","author":"Nokhbatolfoghahai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2018.11.023","article-title":"Localized damage identification in plate-like structures using self-powered sensor data: A pattern recognition strategy","volume":"135","author":"Salehi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"srep46633","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46633","article-title":"Highly sensitive strain sensor based on helical structure combined with Mach-Zehnder interferometer in multicore fiber","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep.-Uk"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1960","DOI":"10.1002\/stc.1960","article-title":"Singular spectrum analysis combined with ARMAX model for structural damage detection","volume":"24","author":"Lakshmi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Struct. Control Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8667.2010.00685.x","article-title":"Influence of the Autoregressive Model Order on Damage Detection","volume":"26","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. -Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2012.02.014","article-title":"Autoregressive statistical pattern recognition algorithms for damage detection in civil structures","volume":"31","author":"Yao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1080\/15732479.2014.949277","article-title":"Structural damage detection and localisation using multivariate regression models and two-sample control statistics","volume":"11","author":"Shahidi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Struct. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2016.10.043","article-title":"Real-time vibration-based structural damage detection using one-dimensional convolutional neural networks","volume":"388","author":"Abdeljaber","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s13349-017-0252-5","article-title":"Structural health monitoring of bridges: A model-free ANN-based approach to damage detection","volume":"7","author":"Neves","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Civ. Struct. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s13349-019-00375-2","article-title":"Model-free damage detection of a laboratory bridge using artificial neural networks","volume":"10","author":"Ruffels","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Civ. Struct. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1177\/1475921718757405","article-title":"Computer vision and deep learning\u2013based data anomaly detection method for structural health monitoring","volume":"18","author":"Bao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Struct. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2020.108656","article-title":"Identification of structural damage using S-transform from 1D and 2D mode shapes","volume":"173","author":"Katunin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2020.108297","article-title":"Beam damage detection using synchronisation of peaks in instantaneous frequency and amplitude of vibration data","volume":"168","author":"Mousavi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2018.09.080","article-title":"Structural damage detection using rate of total energy","volume":"133","author":"Sabz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2021.109607","article-title":"Pile damage identification method for high-pile wharfs based on axial static strain distribution","volume":"180","author":"Shu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2017.10.047","article-title":"Response surface methodology for damage detection using frequency and mode shape","volume":"115","author":"Umar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.21595\/jve.2019.20154","article-title":"Damage identification of bridge structure based on frequency domain decomposition and strain mode","volume":"21","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vibroeng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2020.111329","article-title":"Structural damage assessment in lattice towers based on a novel frequency domain-based correlation approach","volume":"226","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1002\/eqe.456","article-title":"Modal model identification of structures under unmeasured seismic excitations","volume":"34","author":"Sepe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"e00701","article-title":"Structural identification of tall buildings: A reinforced concrete structure as a case study","volume":"15","author":"Gesualdo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.2005.A0663","article-title":"Experimental study of structural damage identification based on WPT and coupling NN","volume":"6","author":"Jian","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ.-Sci. A"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2018.05.004","article-title":"A damage detection method based on strain modes for structures under ambient excitation","volume":"125","author":"Cui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1177\/1475921718820015","article-title":"Vibration-based damage localization and quantification in a pretensioned concrete girder using stochastic subspace identification and particle swarm model updating","volume":"19","author":"Cancelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Struct. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2017.03.029","article-title":"Multi-level damage identification with response reconstruction","volume":"95","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s13349-019-00343-w","article-title":"Sparse regularization-based damage detection in a bridge subjected to unknown moving forces","volume":"9","author":"Pan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Civ. Struct. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, J.J., Zhou, Y.B., Guan, X.F., Zhang, W., Zhang, W.F., and Liu, Y.M. (2016). Time Domain Strain\/Stress Reconstruction Based on Empirical Mode Decomposition: Numerical Study and Experimental Validation. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201608.0123.v1"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2011.12.010","article-title":"Structural response reconstruction based on empirical mode decomposition in time domain","volume":"28","author":"He","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2013.07.007","article-title":"Structural response reconstruction based on the modal superposition method in the presence of closely spaced modes","volume":"42","author":"Wan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2019.03.038","article-title":"Density filtering regularization of finite element model updating problems","volume":"128","author":"Reumers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2020.107372","article-title":"A finite element model updating method based on global optimization","volume":"152","author":"Girardi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"171","article-title":"Comparative studies on structural damage detection using Lp norm regularisation","volume":"143","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"E3S Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.753-755.2351","article-title":"Damage Identification for Truss Structures Using Eigenvectors","volume":"753\u2013755","author":"Jin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res.-Switz."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000426","article-title":"Damage Detection for Space Truss Structures Based on Strain Mode under Ambient Excitation","volume":"138","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Eng. Mech."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2010.02.006","article-title":"Adaptive Tikhonov regularization for damage detection based on nonlinear model updating","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/1\/393\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:26:48Z","timestamp":1760362008000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/1\/393"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s22010393"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22010393","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]}}}