{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T11:45:45Z","timestamp":1782474345132,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFD0401302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFD0401302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2019C02074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019C02074"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K20210202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K20210202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Strawberries are susceptible to mechanical damage. The detection of damaged strawberries by their volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can avoid the deficiencies of manual observation and spectral imaging technologies that cannot detect packaged fruits. In the present study, the detection of strawberries with impact damage is investigated using electronic nose (e-nose) technology. The results show that the e-nose technology can be used to detect strawberries that have suffered impact damage. The best model for detecting the extent of impact damage had a residual predictive deviation (RPD) value of 2.730, and the correct rate of the best model for identifying the damaged strawberries was 97.5%. However, the accuracy of the prediction of the occurrence time of impact was poor, and the RPD value of the best model was only 1.969. In addition, the gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrophotometry analysis further shows that the VOCs of the strawberries changed after suffering impact damage, which was the reason why the e-nose technology could detect the damaged fruit. The above results show that the mechanical force of impact caused changes in the VOCs of strawberries and that it is possible to detect strawberries that have suffered impact damage using e-nose technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22020427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T23:08:26Z","timestamp":1641769706000},"page":"427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Non-Destructive Detection of Damaged Strawberries after Impact Based on Analyzing Volatile Organic Compounds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Rural Development Academy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuchen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Menghua","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4997-5082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Di","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Rural Development Academy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Digital Cold Chain and Logistics Research Center, Zhongyuan Institute, Zhejiang University, Zhengzhou 450000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunsong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2013.12.001","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of mechanical damage to fresh fruits","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2007.01.015","article-title":"Impact damage of apples during transport and handling","volume":"45","author":"Ramon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Postharvest. Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2007.04.006","article-title":"Effect of transport vibration levels on mechanical damage and physiological responses of huanghua pears (Pyrus Pyrifolia Nakai cv. Huanghua)","volume":"46","author":"Zhou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Postharvest. Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2017.02.033","article-title":"Integrity of edible nano-coatings and its effects on quality of strawberries subjected to simulated in-transit vibrations","volume":"80","author":"Dhital","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lebensm.-Wiss. Technol. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.21405","article-title":"Bruising on blush and non-blush sides in apple-to-apple impacts","volume":"40","author":"Studman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trans. ASAE"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2015.09.023","article-title":"Susceptibility to impact damage of apples inside ventilated corrugated paperboard packages: Effects of package design","volume":"111","author":"Fadiji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Postharvest. Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2015.09.003","article-title":"Detection of common defects on jujube using Vis-NIR and NIR hyperspectral imaging","volume":"112","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Postharvest. Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2013.12.009","article-title":"Bruise damage measurement and analysis of fresh horticultural produce\u2014A review","volume":"91","author":"Opara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Postharvest. Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2013.04.014","article-title":"Advanced applications of hyperspectral imaging technology for food quality and safety analysis and assessment: A review\u2014Part I: Fundamentals","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2013.04.016","article-title":"Advanced applications of hyperspectral imaging technology for food quality and safety analysis and assessment: A review\u2014Part II: Applications","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.11.112","article-title":"Characterization of the key aroma compounds in mulberry fruits by application of gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O), odor activity value (OAV), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and flame photometric detection (FPD)","volume":"245","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2017.10.033","article-title":"Effects of 1-MCP in combination with Ca application on aroma volatiles production and softening of \u2018Fuji\u2019apple fruit","volume":"229","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-012-0447-z","article-title":"A combination of physiological and chemometrics analyses reveals the main associations between quality and ripening traits and volatiles in two loquat cultivars","volume":"9","author":"Besada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.05.013","article-title":"Monitoring the fermentation process of black tea using QCM sensor based electronic nose","volume":"219","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.11.149","article-title":"Polymer selection for SAW sensor array based electronic noses by fuzzy c-means clustering of partition coefficients: Model studies on detection of freshness and spoilage of milk and fish","volume":"209","author":"Verma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.10.051","article-title":"Rapid diagnosis of Enterobacteriaceae in vegetable soups by a metal oxide sensor based electronic nose","volume":"207","author":"Gobbi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2008.05.008","article-title":"Evaluation of peach quality indices using an electronic nose by MLR, QPST and BP network","volume":"134","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2007.02.027","article-title":"Neural network and Bayesian network fusion models to fuse electronic nose and surface acoustic wave sensor data for apple defect detection","volume":"125","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2007.02.035","article-title":"Discrimination of eight varieties of apricot (Prunus armeniaca) by electronic nose, LLE and SPME using GC\u2013MS and multivariate analysis","volume":"125","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2005.03.090","article-title":"Electronic nose technique potential monitoring mandarin maturity","volume":"113","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.11.049","article-title":"Novel method for the producing area identification of Zhongning Goji berries by electronic nose","volume":"221","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.08.057","article-title":"Electronic nose and isotope ratio mass spectrometry in combination with chemometrics for the characterization of the geographical origin of Italian sweet cherries","volume":"170","author":"Longobardi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2007.09.010","article-title":"Discrimination of mango fruit maturity by volatiles using the electronic nose and gas chromatography","volume":"48","author":"Lebrun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Postharvest. Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S910","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2017.1315595","article-title":"Investigation on strawberry freshness by rapid determination using an artificial olfactory system","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2014.02.020","article-title":"Early detection and classification of pathogenic fungal disease in post-harvest strawberry fruit by electronic nose and gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry","volume":"62","author":"Pan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2014.07.015","article-title":"Classification and regression of ELM, LVQ and SVM for E-nose data of strawberry juice","volume":"144","author":"Qiu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.07.102","article-title":"Assessment of sugar content, fatty acids, free amino acids, and volatile profiles in jujube fruits at different ripening stages","volume":"270","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1021\/jf302808g","article-title":"Electronic nose to detect volatile compound profile and quality changes in \u2018Spring Belle\u2019peach (Prunus persica L.) during cold storage in relation to fruit optical properties measured by time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy","volume":"61","author":"Rizzolo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2020.109306","article-title":"Effects of bruising and storage duration on physiological response and quality attributes of pomegranate fruit","volume":"267","author":"Hussein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.125424","article-title":"Influence of drop shock on physiological responses and genes expression of apple fruit","volume":"303","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2013.11.005","article-title":"An efficient laser sensor system for apple impact bruise volume estimation","volume":"89","author":"Boydas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Postharvest. Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, D., Wang, J., Wang, B., Zhu, L., and Hong, X. (2019). Ripeness prediction of postharvest kiwifruit using a MOS e-nose combined with chemometrics. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19020419"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2016.03.016","article-title":"Internal quality detection of Chinese pecans (Carya cathayensis) during storage using electronic nose responses combined with physicochemical methods","volume":"118","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Postharvest. Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.127614","article-title":"Nondestructive measurement of pectin polysaccharides using hyperspectral imaging in mulberry fruit","volume":"334","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, D., Meng, L., Yang, L., Wang, J., Fu, X., Du, X., Li, S., He, Y., and Huang, L. (2019). Feasibility of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging for rapid detection of thiophanate-methyl residue on mulberry fruit. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20082017"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1039\/C8JA00442K","article-title":"A novel method to extract important features from laser induced breakdown spectroscopic data: Application to determine heavy metals in mulberries","volume":"34","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anal. At. Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.12.037","article-title":"Comparison of different CCD detectors and chemometrics for predicting total anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity of mulberry fruit using visible and near infrared hyperspectral imaging technique","volume":"224","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1093\/fqsafe\/fyaa025","article-title":"Application of electronic nose and GC-MS for detection of strawberries with vibrational damage","volume":"4","author":"Rao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Qual. Saf."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, X., Chen, J., Jia, L., Yu, W., Wang, D., Wei, W., Li, S., Tian, S., and Wu, D. (2020). Rapid and non-destructive detection of compression damage of yellow peach using an electronic nose and chemometrics. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20071866"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.4378","article-title":"Classification of impacted blueberries during storage using an electronic nose","volume":"91","author":"Demir","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12698","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpe.12698","article-title":"Classification of impact injury of apples using electronic nose coupled with multivariate statistical analyses","volume":"41","author":"Ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Process. Eng."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9716","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c03532","article-title":"Volatile profile and biosynthesis of post-harvest apples are affected by the mechanical damage","volume":"26","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2020.127896","article-title":"Evaluating the use of biosensors for monitoring of Penicillium digitatum infection in citrus fruit","volume":"311","author":"Chalupowicz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2290","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-018-1286-y","article-title":"Rapid and non-destructive detection of decay in peach fruit at the cold environment using a self-developed handheld electronic-nose system","volume":"11","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Anal. Meth."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, Z., Xiao, X., Wang, J., and Wang, H. (2017). Identification of the Rice Wines with Different Marked Ages by Electronic Nose Coupled with Smartphone and Cloud Storage Platform. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112500"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/2\/427\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:12:58Z","timestamp":1760364778000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/2\/427"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s22020427"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22020427","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]}}}