{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T21:17:00Z","timestamp":1783027020736,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":181,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CRC Program","award":["CRC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRC"]}]},{"name":"NSERC of Canada","award":["NSERC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSERC"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wearable health monitoring devices allow for measuring physiological parameters without restricting individuals\u2019 daily activities, providing information that is reflective of an individual\u2019s health and well-being. However, these systems need to be accurate, power-efficient, unobtrusive and simple to use to enable a reliable, convenient, automatic and ubiquitous means of long-term health monitoring. One such system can be embedded in an insole to obtain physiological data from the plantar aspect of the foot that can be analyzed to gain insight into an individual\u2019s health. This manuscript provides a comprehensive review of insole-based sensor systems that measure a variety of parameters useful for overall health monitoring, with a focus on insole-based PPD measurement systems developed in recent years. Existing solutions are reviewed, and several open issues are presented and discussed. The concept of a fully integrated insole-based health monitoring system and considerations for future work are described. By developing a system that is capable of measuring parameters such as PPD, gait characteristics, foot temperature and heart rate, a holistic understanding of an individual\u2019s health and well-being can be obtained without interrupting day-to-day activities. The proposed device can have a multitude of applications, such as for pathology detection, tracking medical conditions and analyzing gait characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22020438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T23:08:26Z","timestamp":1641769706000},"page":"438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":110,"title":["Insole-Based Systems for Health Monitoring: Current Solutions and Research Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7872-607X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophini","family":"Subramaniam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0517-6008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumit","family":"Majumder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology, Chattogram 4349, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5971-306X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abu Ilius","family":"Faisal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6390-0933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Jamal","family":"Deen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada"},{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, W., Majumder, S., Subramaniam, S., Li, X., Khedri, R., Monday, T., Abolghasemian, M., Satia, I., and Deen, M.J. (2021). A Wearable Tele-Health System towards Monitoring COVID-19 and Chronic Diseases. IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng.","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2021.3069815"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Majumder, S., Mondal, T., and Deen, M. (2017). Wearable Sensors for Remote Health Monitoring. 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