{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T00:24:41Z","timestamp":1771028681757,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since the first Cybathlon 2016, when twelve teams competed in the FES bike race, we have witnessed a global effort towards the development of stimulation and control strategies to improve FES-assisted devices, particularly for cycling, as a means to practice a recreational physical activity. As a result, a set of technical notes and research paved the way for many other studies and the potential behind FES-assisted cycling has been consolidated. However, engineering research needs instrumented devices to support novel developments and enable precise assessment. Therefore, some researchers struggle to develop their own FES-assisted devices or find it challenging to implement their instrumentation using commercial devices, which often limits the implementation of advanced control strategies and the possibility to connect different types of sensor. In this regard, we hypothesize that it would be advantageous for some researchers in our community to enjoy access to an entire open-source FES platform that allows different control strategies to be implemented, offers greater adaptability and power capacity than commercial devices, and can be used to assist different functional activities in addition to cycling. Hence, it appears to be of interest to make our proprietary electrical stimulation system an open-source device and to prove its capabilities by addressing all the aspects necessary to implement a FES cycling system. The high-power capacity stimulation device is based on a constant current topology that allows the creation of biphasic electrical pulses with amplitude, width, and frequency up to 150 mA, 1000 \u00b5s, and 100 Hz, respectively. A mobile application (Android) was developed to set and modify the stimulation parameters of up to eight stimulation channels. A proportional-integral controller was implemented for cadence tracking with the aim to improve the overall cycling performance. A volunteer with complete paraplegia participated in the functional testing of the system. He was able to cycle indoors for 45 min, accomplish distances of more than 5 km using a passive cycling trainer, and pedal 2400 m overground in 32 min. The results evidenced the capacity of our FES cycling system to be employed as a cycling tool for individuals with spinal cord injury. The methodological strategies used to improve FES efficiency suggest the possibility of maximizing pedaling duration through more advanced control techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22020531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T20:33:04Z","timestamp":1641933184000},"page":"531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Development of a High-Power Capacity Open Source Electrical Stimulation System to Enhance Research into FES-Assisted Devices: Validation of FES Cycling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7954-9984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Coelho-Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Ant\u00f4nio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Emerson","family":"Fachin-Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plataforma de Servi\u00e7os Tecnol\u00f3gicos BEMTEVI, Parque Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Andressa","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Treinamento Esportivo da Escola de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o F\u00edsica, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31310-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7379-8004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Azevedo Coste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (Inria), Camin Team, 34090 Montpellier, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4879-1345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrique","family":"Resende-Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Ant\u00f4nio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.11.002","article-title":"From basics to clinical: A comprehensive review on spinal cord injury","volume":"114","author":"Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2014.02.0054","article-title":"Effect of adjusting pulse durations of functional electrical stimulation cycling on energy expenditure and fatigue after spinal cord injury","volume":"51","author":"Gorgey","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. 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