{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:37:18Z","timestamp":1760402238334,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62027826,61902052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62027826,61902052"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Plan","award":["2017YFC0821003-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC0821003-2"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Major Industrial Project of Liaoning Province","award":["2020JH1\/10100013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020JH1\/10100013"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017683","name":"Dalian Science and Technology Innovation Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019J11CY004,2020JJ26GX037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019J11CY004,2020JJ26GX037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017683","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["DUT20ZD210,DUT20TD107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DUT20ZD210,DUT20TD107"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Target tracking is a critical technique for localization in an indoor environment. Current target-tracking methods suffer from high overhead, high latency, and blind spots issues due to a large amount of data needing to be collected or trained. On the other hand, a lightweight tracking method is preferred in many cases instead of just pursuing accuracy. For this reason, in this paper, we propose a Wi-Fi-enabled Infrared-like Device-free (WIDE) method for target tracking to realize a lightweight target-tracking method. We first analyze the impact of target movement on the physical layer of the wireless link and establish a near real-time model between the Channel State Information (CSI) and human motion. Secondly, we make full use of the network structure formed by a large number of wireless devices already deployed in reality to achieve the goal. We validate the WIDE method in different environments. Extensive evaluation results show that the WIDE method is lightweight and can track targets rapidly as well as achieve satisfactory tracking results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22020541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T20:33:04Z","timestamp":1641933184000},"page":"541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Lightweight Passive Human Tracking Method Using Wi-Fi"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0889-2907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116620, China"},{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Ubiquitous Network and Service Software of Liaoning Province, Dalian 116024, China"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116620, China"},{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Ubiquitous Network and Service Software of Liaoning Province, Dalian 116024, China"},{"name":"The Center of Underwater Robot, Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen 518066, China"}]},{"given":"Zhenquan","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116620, China"},{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Ubiquitous Network and Service Software of Liaoning Province, Dalian 116024, China"}]},{"given":"Bingxian","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116620, China"},{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Ubiquitous Network and Service Software of Liaoning Province, Dalian 116024, China"}]},{"given":"Wenbo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George R Brown School of Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA"}]},{"given":"Yixuan","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116620, China"},{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Ubiquitous Network and Service Software of Liaoning Province, Dalian 116024, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8372-9221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenhui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, The Artificial Intelligence Research Center, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, R.O.C."},{"name":"Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan 33375, Taiwan, R.O.C."},{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan District, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan, R.O.C."}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ast.2015.09.037","article-title":"Real-time path planning of unmanned aerial vehicle for target tracking and obstacle avoidance in complex dynamic environment","volume":"47","author":"Yao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aerosp. 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