{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T01:15:22Z","timestamp":1774401322612,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Government, Ministry of Economy, National Program of Research, Development and Innovation under the project New Array Antenna Technologies and Digital Processing for the FUTURE Integrated Terrestrial and Space-based Millimeter Wave Radio Systems -","award":["PID2020-112545RB-C51"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-112545RB-C51"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of additive manufacturing and different metallization techniques for prototyping radio frequency components such as antennas and waveguides are rising owing to their high precision and low costs. Over time, additive manufacturing has improved so that its utilization is accepted in satellite payloads and military applications. However, there is no record of the frequency response in the millimeter-wave band for inductive 3D frequency selective structures implemented by different metallization techniques. For this reason, three different prototypes of dielectric 3D frequency selective structures working in the millimeter-wave band are designed, simulated, and manufactured using VAT photopolymerization. These prototypes are subsequently metallized using metallic paint atomization and electroplating. The manufactured prototypes have been carefully selected, considering their design complexity, starting with the simplest, the square aperture, the medium complexity, the woodpile structure, and the most complex, the torus structure. Then, each structure is measured before and after the metallization process using a measurement bench. The metallization used for the measurement is nickel spray flowed by the copper electroplating. For the electroplating, a detailed table showing the total area to be metallized and the current applied is also provided. Finally, the effectiveness of both metallization techniques is compared with the simulations performed using CST Microwave Studio. Results indicate that a shifted and reduced band-pass is obtained in some structures. On the other hand, for very complex structures, as in the torus case, band-pass with lower loss is obtained using copper electroplating, thus allowing the manufacturing of inductive 3D frequency selective structures in the millimeter-wave band at a low cost.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22020552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T20:33:04Z","timestamp":1641933184000},"page":"552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["3D Inductive Frequency Selective Structures Using Additive Manufacturing and Low-Cost Metallization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7304-095X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Andr\u00e9s","family":"V\u00e1squez-Peralvo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Group, Department of Signals, Systems and Radio Communications, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, ETSI Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2322-3800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adri\u00e1n","family":"Tamayo-Dom\u00ednguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Group, Department of Signals, Systems and Radio Communications, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, ETSI Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerardo","family":"P\u00e9rez-Palomino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electromagnetism and Circuit Theory, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, ETSI Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9296-4098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Group, Department of Signals, Systems and Radio Communications, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, ETSI Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Wu, T.K. (1995). Frequency Selective Surface and Grid Array, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munk, B.A. (2000). Frequency Selective Surfaces: Theory and Design, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471723770"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.2528\/PIERC12033006","article-title":"3D frequency selective surfaces","volume":"29","author":"Azemi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Electromagn. Res. C"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1109\/MAP.2014.6867682","article-title":"An overview of three-dimensional frequency-selective structures","volume":"56","author":"Rashid","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2013.2270950","article-title":"A reconfigurable FSS using a spring resonator element","volume":"12","author":"Azemi","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1109\/TCPMT.2017.2688367","article-title":"Novel Reconfigurable 3D Frequency Selective Surface","volume":"7","author":"Sivasamy","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Compon. Packag. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2010.2041167","article-title":"A novel band-reject frequency selective surface with pseudo-elliptic response","volume":"58","author":"Rashid","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4661","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2012.2207355","article-title":"An elliptical bandpass frequency selective structure based on microstrip lines","volume":"60","author":"Rashid","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6060","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2014.2359470","article-title":"3D printing of elements in frequency selective arrays","volume":"62","author":"Parker","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6069","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2018.2866507","article-title":"Fabrication and characterization of multiband polarization independent 3-d-printed frequency selective structures with ultrawide fields of view","volume":"66","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanz-Izquierdo, B., and Parker, E.A. (2014, January 6\u201311). 3D printed FSS arrays for long wavelength applications. Proceedings of the 8th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, The Hague, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1109\/EuCAP.2014.6902296"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1080\/09205071.2020.1719213","article-title":"A 3D printed square loop frequency selective surface for harmonic radar applications","volume":"34","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Electromagn. Waves Appl."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2528\/PIERM20011402","article-title":"Development of circular loop frequency selective surface using 3-d printing technique","volume":"90","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Electromagn. Res. M"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, W., Zhu, J., Wang, C., Ge, J., Yu, Z., and Zhuang, W. (2016, January 19\u201323). Waveguide 3D FSSs by 3D printing technique. Proceedings of the 2016 18th International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications, Queensland, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEAA.2016.7731488"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2018.2871175","article-title":"Design of Three-Dimensional Frequency Selective Structure with Replaceable Unit Structures Using a 3D Printing Technique","volume":"17","author":"Cho","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"2298","article-title":"Evaluation of One-Staged 3D Printed Frequency","volume":"9","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Compon. Packag. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1108\/RPJ-08-2019-0219","article-title":"Design and optimization of projection stereolithography additive manufacturing system with multi-pass scanning","volume":"27","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyp. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1108\/RPJ-12-2020-0309","article-title":"Evaluation of UV post-curing depth for homogenous cross-linking of stereolithography parts","volume":"27","author":"Schlotthauer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyp. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hui, J., Yan, Z., Lv, J., Liu, Y., Ding, K., and Chan, F.T. (2021). An investigation on energy consumption and part quality of stereolithography apparatus manufactured parts. Rapid Prototyp. J.","DOI":"10.1108\/RPJ-06-2020-0143"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1108\/RPJ-06-2020-0114","article-title":"Graphene oxide\/epoxy acrylate nanocomposite production via SLA and importance of graphene oxide surface modification for mechanical properties","volume":"27","author":"Uysal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyp. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, F., and Gao, J. (2014, January 13\u201315). A novel method for fabricating curved frequency selective surface via 3D printing technology. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Optoelectronic Technology and Application 2014: Laser Materials Processing; and Micro\/Nano Technologies, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2071554"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5431","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2020.2975270","article-title":"All-Metal 3D Frequency-Selective Surface with Versatile Dual-Band Polarization Conversion","volume":"68","author":"Menargues","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58657-5","article-title":"An Improved Fabrication Technique for the 3D Frequency Selective Surface based on Water Transfer Printing Technology","volume":"10","author":"Harnois","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2974","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2007.908367","article-title":"A 250 GHz subharmonic mixer design using EBG technology","volume":"55","author":"Ederra","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729187","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/729187","article-title":"Radiation-enhancement properties of an X-band woodpile EBG and its application to a planar antenna","volume":"2014","author":"Frezza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2007.895567","article-title":"A Frequency Selective Surface with Miniaturized Elements","volume":"55","author":"Sarabandi","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamayo-Dominguez, A., Sanchez-Olivares, P., Camacho-Hernandez, A., and Fernandez-Gonzalez, J.M. (2021). Guidelines for Accurate In-House Electroplating and 3D-Printing Processes Applied to mm-Wave Devices. IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett., submitted under review.","DOI":"10.1109\/LMWC.2022.3182868"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/2\/552\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:27:14Z","timestamp":1760362034000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/2\/552"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s22020552"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22020552","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]]}}}