{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T10:57:39Z","timestamp":1760785059099,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000161","name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["70NANB17H259"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["70NANB17H259"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000161","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The perceived texture directionality is an important, not fully explored image characteristic. In many applications texture directionality detection is of fundamental importance. Several approaches have been proposed, such as the fast Fourier-based method. We recently proposed a method based on the interpolated grey-level co-occurrence matrix (iGLCM), robust to image blur and noise but slower than the Fourier-based method. Here we test the applicability of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to texture directionality detection. To obtain the large amount of training data required, we built a training dataset consisting of synthetic textures with known directionality and varying perturbation levels. Subsequently, we defined and tested shallow and deep CNN architectures. We present the test results focusing on the CNN architectures and their robustness with respect to image perturbations. We identify the best performing CNN architecture, and compare it with the iGLCM, the Fourier and the local gradient orientation methods. We find that the accuracy of CNN is lower, yet comparable to the iGLCM, and it outperforms the other two methods. As expected, the CNN method shows the highest computing speed. Finally, we demonstrate the best performing CNN on real-life images. Visual analysis suggests that the learned patterns generalize to real-life image data. Hence, CNNs represent a promising approach for texture directionality detection, warranting further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22020562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T04:15:25Z","timestamp":1641960925000},"page":"562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A Convolutional Neural Networks-Based Approach for Texture Directionality Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4359-1539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Kocio\u0142ek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronics, Lodz University of Technology, Al. Politechniki 10, 93-590 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7471-6413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Koz\u0142owski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechatronics, Faculty of Technical Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Ul. Oczapowskiego 11, 10-710 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Cardone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Technology Laboratory, Software and Systems Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1068\/p020391","article-title":"Inability of Humans to Discriminate between Visual Textures That Agree in Second Order Statistics: Revisited","volume":"2","author":"Julesz","year":"1973","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Todorovic, S., and Ahuja, N. (October, January 29). Texel-Based Texture Segmentation. 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