{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:46:48Z","timestamp":1760402808019,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]],"date-time":"2022-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"We are thankful to the National Research Foundation (NRF), Korea, for sponsoring this research publication under Project BK21 FOUR (Smart Robot Convergence and Application Education Research Center","award":["BK21 FOUR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK21 FOUR"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A 24 GHz highly-linear upconversion mixer, based on a duplex transconductance path (DTP), is proposed for automotive short-range radar sensor applications using the 65-nm CMOS process. A mixer with an enhanced transconductance stage consisting of a DTP is presented to improve linearity. The main transconductance path (MTP) of the DTP includes a common source (CS) amplifier, while the secondary transconductance path (STP) of the DTP is implemented as an improved cross-quad transconductor (ICQT). Two inductors with a bypass capacitor are connected at the common nodes of the transconductance stage and switching stage of the mixer, which acts as a resonator and helps to improve the gain and isolation of the designed mixer. According to the measured results, at 24 GHz the proposed mixer shows that the linearity of output 1-dB compression point (OP1dB) is 3.9 dBm. And the input 1-dB compression point (IP1dB) is 0.9 dBm. Moreover, a maximum conversion gain (CG) of 2.49 dB and a noise figure (NF) of 3.9 dB is achieved in the designed mixer. When the supply voltage is 1.2 V, the power dissipation of the mixer is 3.24 mW. The mixer chip occupies an area of 0.42 mm2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22020594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]],"date-time":"2022-01-14T03:14:03Z","timestamp":1642130043000},"page":"594","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A 65 nm Duplex Transconductance Path Up-Conversion Mixer for 24 GHz Automotive Short-Range Radar Sensor Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4646-763X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tahesin Samira","family":"Delwar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Smart Robot Convergence and Application Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7447-7253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abrar","family":"Siddique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Smart Robot Convergence and Application Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4263-9083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manas Ranjan","family":"Biswal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Smart Robot Convergence and Application Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1086-3822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prangyadarsini","family":"Behera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Smart Robot Convergence and Application Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea"}]},{"given":"Yeji","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Smart Robot Convergence and Application Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea"}]},{"given":"Jee-Youl","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Smart Robot Convergence and Application Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3783","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2013.2279368","article-title":"A CMOS 77-GHz receiver front-end for automotive radar","volume":"10","author":"Le","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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