{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T06:23:37Z","timestamp":1763706217007,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]],"date-time":"2022-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Knowledge of renal blood circulation is considered as an important physiological value, particularly for fast detection of acute allograft rejection as well as the management of critically ill patients with acute renal failure. The electrical impedance signal obtained from kidney with an appropriate electrode system and optimal electrode system position regarding to the kidney projection on skin surface reflects the nature of renal blood circulation and tone of renal blood vessels. This paper proposes a specific numerical modelling based on prior information from MRI-data. The numerical modelling was conducted for electrical impedance change estimation due to renal blood distribution. The proposed model takes into the account the geometrical and electrophysiological parameters of tissues around the kidney as well as the actual blood distribution within the kidney. The numerical modelling had shown that it is possible to register the electrical impedance signal caused by renal blood circulation with an electrode system commensurate with the size of kidney, which makes it possible to reduce the influence of surrounding tissues and organs. Experimental studies were obtained to prove the numerical modelling and the effectiveness of developed electrode systems based on the obtained simulation results. The obtained electrical impedance signal with the appropriate electrode system shows very good agreement with the renal blood change estimated using Doppler ultrasound. For the measured electrical impedance signal, it is possible to obtain the amplitude-time parameters, which reflect the hemodynamic characteristics of the kidneys and used in diagnostics, which is the subject of further research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22020606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]],"date-time":"2022-01-14T03:14:56Z","timestamp":1642130096000},"page":"606","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Patient Specific Numerical Modeling for Renal Blood Monitoring Using Electrical Bio-Impedance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Mugeb","family":"Al-harosh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Technical Information Technology, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 105005 Moscow, Russia"}]},{"given":"Egor","family":"Chernikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Technical Information Technology, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 105005 Moscow, Russia"}]},{"given":"Sergey","family":"Shchukin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Technical Information Technology, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 105005 Moscow, Russia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00298844","article-title":"Regional renal blood flow in normal and disease states","volume":"23","author":"Regan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Urol. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00172.2009","article-title":"Real-time measurement of renal blood flow in healthy subjects using contrast-enhanced ultrasound","volume":"297","author":"Kalantarinia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.5500\/wjt.v6.i1.174","article-title":"Imaging-based diagnosis of acute renal allograft rejection","volume":"6","author":"Kentrup","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-0760-9","article-title":"Intraoperative renal near-infrared spectroscopy indicates developing acute kidney injury in infants undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: A case\u2013control study","volume":"19","author":"Ruf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"unstructured":"Bogonez, P., and Riu, P.J. (September, January 29). Implantable bioimpedance system for measuring the impedance of kidney. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Electrical Bioimpedance and the 8th Conference on Electrical Impedance Tomography, Graz, Austria.","key":"ref_5"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"97","article-title":"Non-invasive approaches in the diagnosis of acute rejection in kidney transplant recipients. Part I. In vivo imaging methods","volume":"10","author":"Hanssen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2015.2456242","article-title":"A Batteryless Sensor ASIC for Implantable Bio-Impedance Applications","volume":"10","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"630","article-title":"Evolution and applications of bioimpedance in managing chronic kidney disease","volume":"31","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nefrologia"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-harosh, M., Yangirov, M., Kolesnikov, D., and Shchukin, S. (2021). Bio-Impedance Sensor for Real-Time Artery Diameter Waveform Assessment. Sensors, 21.","key":"ref_9","DOI":"10.3390\/s21248438"},{"unstructured":"Al-Harosh, M.B., Chernikov, E.S., Shchukin, S.I., Gries, T., and Leonhardt, S. (2020, January 13\u201314). Renal Blood Monitoring System Using Bio-impedance Measurement: Pilot Study. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE Ural Symposium on Biomedical Engineering, Radioelectronics and Information Technology (USBEREIT), Yekaterinburg, Russia.","key":"ref_10"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/41\/11\/001","article-title":"The dielectric properties of biological tissues: I. Literature survey","volume":"41","author":"Gabriel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.5617\/jeb.4560","article-title":"Peripheral vein detection using electrical impedance method","volume":"8","author":"Shchukin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Electr. Bioimpedance"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dokos, S. (2017). Modelling Organs, Tissues, Cells and Devices: Using Matlab and Comsol Multiphysics, Springer.","key":"ref_13","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-54801-7"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tikhomirov, A.N., Briko, A.N., Seleznev, N.V., Shchukin, S.I., Levando, A.M., and Murashko, M.A. (2020, January 13\u201314). Development of a Geometric Model of the Heart and Chest for Multichannel Electrical Impedance Computer Cardiography Technology. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Ural Symposium on Biomedical Engineering, Radioelectronics and Information Technology (USBEREIT), Yekaterinburg, Russia.","key":"ref_14","DOI":"10.1109\/USBEREIT48449.2020.9117623"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s10527-019-09849-5","article-title":"Multichannel Electrical Impedance Methods for Monitoring Cardiac Activity Indicators","volume":"52","author":"Tikhomirov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng."},{"unstructured":"(2021, October 28). MicroDicom\u2014Free DICOM Viewer and Software. Available online: http:\/\/www.microdicom.com\/.","key":"ref_16"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tagawa, T., Tamura, T., and Oberg, P.A. (2011). Biomedical Sensors and Instruments, CRC Press.","key":"ref_17","DOI":"10.1201\/b10775"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(73)90375-7","article-title":"Renal function of Sphenodon punctatum","volume":"44","author":"Schmidt","year":"1973","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A Physiol."},{"unstructured":"Al-Harosh, M.B., and Shchukin, S.I. (2017, January 11\u201315). The Venous Occlusion Effect to Increase the Accuracy of Electrical Impedance Peripheral Veins Detection. Proceedings of the 2017 Joint Conference of the European Medical and Biological Engineering Conference (EMBEC) and the Nordic-Baltic Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics (NBC), Tampere, Finland.","key":"ref_19"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Harosh, M.B., and Shchukin, S.I. (2015, January 7\u201312). Numerical modeling of the electrical impedance method of peripheral veins localization. Proceedings of the World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, ON, Canada.","key":"ref_20","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19387-8_409"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goidina, T., Kobelev, A., and Gulyaev, Y. (2020, January 13\u201314). Precision Electrode System for Electrical Impedance Myography. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE Ural Symposium on Biomedical Engineering, Radioelectronics and Information Technology (USBEREIT), Yekaterinburg, Russia.","key":"ref_21","DOI":"10.1109\/USBEREIT48449.2020.9117748"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-717X-8-248","article-title":"An analysis of respiratory induced kidney motion on four-dimensional computed tomography and its implications for stereotactic kidney radiotherapy","volume":"8","author":"Siva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiat. Oncol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/2\/606\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:02:16Z","timestamp":1760364136000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/2\/606"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s22020606"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22020606","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]]}}}