{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T15:27:03Z","timestamp":1773415623642,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]],"date-time":"2022-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As the number of research activities and practical deployments of unmanned vehicles has shown a rapid growth, topics related to their communication with operator and external infrastructure became of high importance. As a result a trend of employing IP communication for this purpose is emerging and can be expected to bring significant advantages. However, its employment can be expected to be most effective using broadband communication technologies such as Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs). To verify the effectiveness of such an approach in a specific case of surface unmanned vehicles, the paper includes an overview of IP-based MAVLink communication advantages and requirements, followed by a laboratory and field-experiment study of selected WLAN technologies, compared to popular narrowband communication solutions. The conclusions confirm the general applicability of IP\/WLAN communication for surface unmanned vehicles, providing an overview of their advantages and pointing out deployment requirements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22020655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,16]],"date-time":"2022-01-16T20:45:21Z","timestamp":1642365921000},"page":"655","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Wireless Local Area Network Technologies as Communication Solutions for Unmanned Surface Vehicles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4671-6827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Stateczny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geodesy, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8707-332X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Gierlowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1458-4951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Hoeft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2020.102739","article-title":"Communication and networking technologies for UAVs: A survey","volume":"168","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mototolea, D. (2019, January 11\u201312). A Study On The Actual Furthermore, Upcoming Drone Communication Systems. Proceedings of the 2019 International Symposium on Signals, Circuits and Systems (ISSCS), Iasi, Romania.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCS.2019.8801800"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25532","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3114266","article-title":"Applications, Deployments, and Integration of Internet of Drones (IoD): A Review","volume":"21","author":"Abualigah","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2021.3062319","article-title":"Edge Computing in 5G for Drone Navigation: What to Offload?","volume":"6","author":"Hayat","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2960366","article-title":"Potential Data Link Candidates for Civilian Unmanned Aircraft Systems: A Survey","volume":"22","author":"Zolanvari","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-018-0833-5","article-title":"Survey on communication and networks for autonomous marine systems","volume":"95","author":"Zolich","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Intell. Robot. Syst."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Postel, J. (2021, December 01). RFC 791: Internet Protocol. Internet Requests for Comments, Available online: https:\/\/datatracker.ietf.org\/doc\/html\/rfc791."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2016). IEEE Standard for Information technology\u2014Telecommunications and Information Exchange between Systems Local and Metropolitan Area Networks\u2014Specific Requirements\u2014Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications (Standard No. IEEE Std 802.11-2016 (Revision of IEEE Std 802.11-2012))."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"3GPP (2021, December 01). Uncrewed Aerial System (UAS) Support in 3GPP. Technical Specification (TS) 22.125, 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), Available online: https:\/\/portal.3gpp.org\/desktopmodules\/Specifications\/SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=3545."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., and Deng, Z. (2020, January 28\u201329). Data link network technology of UAV system. Proceedings of the 2020 7th International Conference on Dependable Systems and Their Applications (DSA), Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/DSA51864.2020.00033"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeleny, J., Kvicera, M., Valtr, P., Perez-Fontan, F., and Pechac, P. (2018, January 9\u201313). State propagation channel model for 2 GHz UAV links in cluttered environment. Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2018), London, UK.","DOI":"10.1049\/cp.2018.0946"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, K., Ma, L., and Zhang, Y. (2020, January 11\u201313). Research on the Application of 5G Technology in UAV Data Link. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 9th Joint International Information Technology and Artificial Intelligence Conference (ITAIC), Chongqing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITAIC49862.2020.9339133"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2918","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2020.3005471","article-title":"Air-to-Ground Wireless Links for High-Speed UAVs","volume":"38","author":"Bai","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"5G!Drones (2021, December 01). D1.1 Use Case Specifications and Requirements. Available online: https:\/\/5gdrones.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/D1.1-Use-case-specifications-and-requirements-v1.0.pdf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coelho, A., Lopes, M., Ferreira, B., Campos, R., and Ricardo, M. (2018, January 3\u20135). Experimental evaluation of shore to unmanned surface vehicle Wi-Fi communications. Proceedings of the 2018 Wireless Days (WD), Dubai, United Arab Emirates.","DOI":"10.1109\/WD.2018.8361699"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2018.2864416","article-title":"Channel Modeling and Parameter Optimization for Hovering UAV-Based Free-Space Optical Links","volume":"36","author":"Dabiri","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habib, A., and Moh, S. (2019). Wireless Channel Models for Over-the-Sea Communication: A Comparative Study. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9030443"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.2478\/pomr-2018-0050","article-title":"NetBaltic System-Heterogenous Wireless Network for Maritime Communications","volume":"25","author":"Hoeft","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pol. Marit. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62697","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3074476","article-title":"Non-Satellite Broadband Maritime Communications for e-Navigation Services","volume":"9","author":"Hoeft","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2021, December 01). Mikrotik NV2. Available online: https:\/\/wiki.mikrotik.com\/wiki\/Manual:Nv2."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87658","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2924410","article-title":"Micro Air Vehicle Link (MAVlink) in a Nutshell: A Survey","volume":"7","author":"Allouch","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atoev, S., Kwon, K.R., Lee, S.H., and Moon, K.S. (2017, January 2\u20134). Data analysis of the MAVLink communication protocol. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Information Science and Communications Technologies (ICISCT), Tashkent, Uzbekistan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICISCT.2017.8188563"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2021, December 01). ERC Report 25. The European Table of Frequency Allocations and Applications in the Frequency Range 8.3 kHz to 3000 GHz (ECA Table); Technical Report. Available online: https:\/\/docdb.cept.org\/download\/2051."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2021, December 01). Marine Technology. Available online: https:\/\/marinetechnology.pl\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Dawoud, D.S., and Dawoud, P. (2020). Serial Communication Protocols and Standards RS232\/485, UART\/USART, SPI, USB, INSTEON, Wi-Fi and WiMAX, River Publishers."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"ISO Central Secretary (2015). Controller Area Network (CAN)\u2014Part 1: Data Link Layer and Physical Signalling (Standard No. Standard ISO\/IEC TR 11898-1:2015)."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3417","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2906228","article-title":"Survey on UAV Cellular Communications: Practical Aspects, Standardization Advancements, Regulation, and Security Challenges","volume":"21","author":"Fotouhi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Huang, H.M., Messina, E., and Albus, J. (2021, December 01). NIST Special Publication 1011-II-1.0 Autonomy Levels for Unmanned Systems (ALFUS) Framework Volume II: Framework Models Version 1.0 2004, Available online: https:\/\/tsapps.nist.gov\/publication\/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=823618."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, H.M. (2007, January 28\u201330). Autonomy levels for unmanned systems (ALFUS) framework: Safety and application issues. Proceedings of the 2007 Workshop on Performance Metrics for Intelligent Systems, Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1660877.1660883"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohseki, T., Yamazaki, K., Maemoto, D., Kawai, S., Nakata, T., and Itou, A. (2021, January 13\u201316). Data Traffic Offloading and Rate Control for Vehicles Using Radio Environment, Network Load and Route Planning. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE 32nd Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), Virtual Conference, Finland.","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC50174.2021.9569428"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, W., Jia, L., Zhou, Z., and Liao, H. (2020, January 9\u201311). Task Offloading for Vehicular Edge Computing: A Learning-Based Intent-Aware Approach. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE\/CIC International Conference on Communications in China (ICCC), Virtual Conference, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCC49849.2020.9238919"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Besada, J.A., Bergesio, L., Campa\u00f1a, I., Vaquero-Melchor, D., L\u00f3pez-Araquistain, J., Bernardos, A.M., and Casar, J.R. (2018). Drone Mission Definition and Implementation for Automated Infrastructure Inspection Using Airborne Sensors. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18041170"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iranmanesh, S., and Raad, R. (2019). A Novel Data Forwarding Strategy for a Drone Delay Tolerant Network with Range Extension. Electronics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8060659"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munaye, Y., Lin, H.-P., Adege, A.B., and Tarekegn, G.B. (2019). UAV Positioning for Throughput Maximization Using Deep Learning Approaches. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19122775"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Abdallah, R., Gaber, J., Kouta, R., Sarraf, C., and Wack, M. (2018). Reliability of Data Transmission of UAVs. SSRN Electron. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5609","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2888518","article-title":"A Switching Approach to Packet Loss Compensation Strategy","volume":"7","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2020.102324","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Attacks and Neutralization Techniques","volume":"111","author":"Chamola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haluza, M., and \u010cech\u00e1k, J. (2016, January 12\u201314). Analysis and decoding of radio signals for remote control of drones. Proceedings of the 2016 New Trends in Signal Processing (NTSP), Demanovska Dolina, Slovakia.","DOI":"10.1109\/NTSP.2016.7747781"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Z., Petrunin, I., and Tsourdos, A. (2021). Modeling and Performance Analysis of Opportunistic Link Selection for UAV Communication. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21020534"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOM.1980.1094702","article-title":"OSI Reference Model\u2014The ISO Model of Architecture for Open Systems Interconnection","volume":"28","author":"Zimmermann","year":"1980","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoeft, M., Kami\u0144ski, P., and Wo\u017aniak, J. (2015, January 5\u20137). Logical Interface for Soft Handover\u2014An effective scheme of handovers in Proxy Mobile IPv6. Proceedings of the 2015 8th IFIP Wireless and Mobile Networking Conference (WMNC 2015), Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/WMNC.2015.44"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, K., Kumar, S., Kaiwartya, O., Sikandar, A., Kharel, R., and Mauri, J.L. (2020). Internet of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: QoS Provisioning in Aerial Ad-Hoc Networks. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20113160"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., and Liu, K. (2018, January 8\u201311). Survey of Ad-Hoc Network Technology for UAV. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 18th International Conference on Communication Technology (ICCT), Chongqing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCT.2018.8600107"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77535","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2989790","article-title":"Routing Protocols for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Aided Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: A Survey","volume":"8","author":"Nazib","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2020.2991037","article-title":"Relay Selection for UAV-Assisted Urban Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks","volume":"9","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guillen-Perez, A., and Cano, M.D. (2018). Flying Ad Hoc Networks: A New Domain for Network Communications. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18103571"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2526","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2016.2609900","article-title":"UAVs Assisted Delay Optimization in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks","volume":"20","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164708","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2948822","article-title":"Heterogeneous UAV Cells: An Effective Resource Allocation Scheme for Maximum Coverage Performance","volume":"7","author":"Namvar","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2495297","article-title":"Survey of Important Issues in UAV Communication Networks","volume":"18","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Kent, S., and Seo, K. (2021, December 01). Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol. RFC 4301, RFC Editor. Available online: http:\/\/www.rfc-editor.org\/rfc\/rfc4301.txt."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"ITU (2021, December 01). Recommendation V.250: Serial Asynchronous Automatic Dialling and Control. Technical Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.itu.int\/rec\/T-REC-V.250-200307-I\/en."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"ETSI (2004). Electromagnetic Compatibility and Radio Spectrum Matters (ERM); Frequency-Agile Generic Short Range Devices Using Listen-before-Transmit (LBT). Standard No. TR 102 313. Version 1.1.1."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"(1997). IEEE Standard for Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications (Standard No. IEEE Std 802.11-1997)."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2021). IEEE Standard for Information Technology\u2014Telecommunications and Information Exchange between Systems Local and Metropolitan Area Networks\u2014Specific Requirements Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications Amendment 1: Enhancements for High-Efficiency WLAN (Standard No. IEEE Std 802.11ax-2021 (Amendment to IEEE Std 802.11-2020))."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2013). IEEE Standard for Information Technology\u2014Telecommunications and Information Exchange between Systems\u2014Local and Metropolitan Area Networks\u2014Specific Requirements\u2014Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications\u2014Amendment 4: Enhancements for Very High Throughput for Operation in Bands below 6 GHz (Standard No. IEEE Std 802.11ac(TM)-2013 (Amendment to IEEE Std 802.11-2012, as Amended by IEEE Std 802.11ae-2012, IEEE Std 802.11aa-2012, and IEEE Std 802.11ad-2012))."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(2005). IEEE Standard for Information technology\u2014Local and Metropolitan Area Networks\u2014Specific Requirements\u2014Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications\u2014Amendment 8: Medium Access Control (MAC) Quality of Service Enhancements (Standard No. IEEE Std 802.11e-2005 (Amendment to IEEE Std 802.11, 1999 Edition (Reaff 2003))."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4176","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2009.080816","article-title":"Generalized CSMA\/CA for OFDMA systems: Protocol design, throughput analysis, and implementation issues","volume":"8","author":"Kwon","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2015.2415465","article-title":"The Capacity of Wireless CSMA\/CA Networks","volume":"24","author":"Laufer","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, X., Li, B., and Liu, K. (2020, January 25\u201328). Performance Analysis for the CMSA\/CA Protocol in UAV-based IoT network. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 91st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2020-Spring), Antwerp, Belgium.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTC2020-Spring48590.2020.9129427"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miao, G., Zander, J., Sung, K.W., and Ben Slimane, S. (2016). Fundamentals of Mobile Data Networks, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781316534298"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"(2021, December 01). Si1000-CUltra-Low Power 64 kB, 10-bit ADC MCU with Integrated 240\u2013960 MHz Transceiver. Available online: https:\/\/www.silabs.com\/documents\/public\/data-shorts\/Si1000-C-short.pdf."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Mikrotik Metal 52, ac. (2021, December 01). Available online: https:\/\/mikrotik.com\/product\/RBMetalG-52SHPacn."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"(2021, December 01). Mikrotik mANT 15s. Available online: https:\/\/mikrotik.com\/product\/MTAS-5G-15D120."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"ETSI (2017). 5 GHz RLAN; Harmonised Standard Covering the Essential Requirements of Article 3.2 of Directive 2014\/53\/EU (Standard No. EN 301 893). Version 2.1.1."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"ETSI (2017). Short Range Devices (SRD) Operating in the Frequency Range 25 MHz to 1000 MHz; Part 1: Technical Characteristics and Methods of Measurement (Standard No. EN 302 220). Version 3.1.1."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Raspberry Pi 3 Model, B. (2021, December 01). Available online: https:\/\/www.raspberrypi.com\/products\/raspberry-pi-3-model-b\/."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"(2021, December 01). Ping Microservice. Available online: https:\/\/mavlink.io\/en\/services\/ping.html."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Roux, Y.M., M\u00e9nard, J., Toquin, C., Jolivet, J.P., and Nicolas, F. (2009, January 20\u201322). Experimental measurements of propagation characteristics for maritime radio links. Proceedings of the 2009 9th International Conference on Intelligent Transport Systems Telecommunications (ITST), Lille, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITST.2009.5399326"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopes, M.J., Teixeira, F., Mamede, J.B., and Campos, R. (2014, January 3\u20135). Wi-Fi broadband maritime communications using 5.8 GHz band. Proceedings of the 2014 Underwater Communications and Networking (UComms), Sestri Levante, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/UComms.2014.7017139"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"ITU-T (2021). Attenuation in Vegetation, International Telecommunication Union. Recommendation P.833.10."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Kwiecie\u0144, A., Gaj, P., and Stera, P. (2011). Comparative Analysis of IP-Based Mobility Protocols and Fast Handover Algorithms in IEEE 802.11 Based WLANs. Computer Networks, Springer."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/2\/655\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:27:29Z","timestamp":1760362049000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/2\/655"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s22020655"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22020655","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]]}}}