{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:34:42Z","timestamp":1760402082713,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]],"date-time":"2022-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007396","name":"Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01245.010112\/2020-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01245.010112\/2020-11"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007396","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N62909-17-1-2175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N62909-17-1-2175"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Brazilian Development Bank","award":["6.168.378"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6.168.378"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Internet of Things (IoT) leverages added valued services by the wide spread of connected smart devices. The Swarm Computing paradigm considers a single abstraction layer that connects all kinds of devices globally, from sensors to super computers. In this context, the Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) emerges, spreading out connection to the IoT end devices. With the upsides of long-range, low power and low cost, LPWAN presents major limitations regarding data transmission capacity, throughput, supported packet length and quantity per day limitation. This situation makes LPWAN systems with limited interoperability integrate with systems based on REpresentational State Transfer (REST). This work investigates how to connect web-based IoT applications with LPWANs. The analysis was carried out studying the number of packets generated for a use case of REST-based IoT over LPWAN, specifically the Swarm OS over LoRaWAN. The work also presents an analysis of the impact of using promising schemes for lower communication load. We evaluated Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), Static Context Header Compression (SCHC) and Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) to make transmission over the restricted links of LPWANs possible. The attained results show the reduction of 98.18% packet sizes while using SCHC and CBOR compared to HTTP and JSON by sending fewer packets with smaller sizes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22020664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,16]],"date-time":"2022-01-16T20:45:21Z","timestamp":1642365921000},"page":"664","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Analysis of Web-Based IoT through Heterogeneous Networks: Swarm Computing over LoRaWAN"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4779-3936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samira","family":"Afzal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Integrated Systems, Department of Electronic Systems Engineering Polytechnic School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0514-7100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laisa C. C.","family":"De Biase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Integrated Systems, Department of Electronic Systems Engineering Polytechnic School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1311-5301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geovane","family":"Fedrecheski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Integrated Systems, Department of Electronic Systems Engineering Polytechnic School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6740-3651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William T.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Integrated Systems, Department of Electronic Systems Engineering Polytechnic School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2973-4476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo K.","family":"Zuffo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Integrated Systems, Department of Electronic Systems Engineering Polytechnic School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fortino, G., and Trunfio, P. 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