{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T11:12:25Z","timestamp":1783077145004,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]],"date-time":"2022-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004489","name":"Mitacs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IT13046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IT13046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004489","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PGSD3 - 518693 - 2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PGSD3 - 518693 - 2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electromyography (EMG) is the resulting electrical signal from muscle activity, commonly used as a proxy for users\u2019 intent in voluntary control of prosthetic devices. EMG signals are recorded with gold standard Ag\/AgCl gel electrodes, though there are limitations in continuous use applications, with potential skin irritations and discomfort. Alternative dry solid metallic electrodes also face long-term usability and comfort challenges due to their inflexible and non-breathable structures. This is critical when the anatomy of the targeted body region is variable (e.g., residual limbs of individuals with amputation), and conformal contact is essential. In this study, textile electrodes were developed, and their performance in recording EMG signals was compared to gel electrodes. Additionally, to assess the reusability and robustness of the textile electrodes, the effect of 30 consumer washes was investigated. Comparisons were made between the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), with no statistically significant difference, and with the power spectral density (PSD), showing a high correlation. Subsequently, a fully textile sleeve was fabricated covering the forearm, with 14 textile electrodes. For three individuals, an artificial neural network model was trained, capturing the EMG of 7 distinct finger movements. The personalized models were then used to successfully control a myoelectric prosthetic hand.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22020666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,16]],"date-time":"2022-01-16T20:45:21Z","timestamp":1642365921000},"page":"666","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["A Mass-Producible Washable Smart Garment with Embedded Textile EMG Electrodes for Control of Myoelectric Prostheses: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Milad","family":"Alizadeh-Meghrazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada"},{"name":"KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada"},{"name":"Myant Inc., Toronto, ON M9W 1B6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gurjant","family":"Sidhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Myant Inc., Toronto, ON M9W 1B6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saransh","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Myant Inc., Toronto, ON M9W 1B6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4658-7770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Myant Inc., Toronto, ON M9W 1B6, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ladan","family":"Eskandarian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Myant Inc., Toronto, ON M9W 1B6, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9651-7447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amirali","family":"Toossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Myant Inc., Toronto, ON M9W 1B6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2837-2346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milos R.","family":"Popovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada"},{"name":"KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1649503","article-title":"Global Burden of Stroke","volume":"38","author":"Katan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. 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