{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T05:40:25Z","timestamp":1782625225323,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,16]],"date-time":"2022-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004421","name":"Warsaw University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Centre for Priority Research Area Artificial Intelligence and Robotics of Warsaw University of Technology within the Excellence Initiative: Research University (IDUB) programme."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Centre for Priority Research Area Artificial Intelligence and Robotics of Warsaw University of Technology within the Excellence Initiative: Research University (IDUB) programme."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004421","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The digital twins technology delivers a new degree of freedom into system implementation and maintenance practice. Using this approach, a technological system can be efficiently modeled and simulated. Furthermore, such a twin offline system can be efficiently used to investigate real system issues and improvement opportunities, e.g., improvement of the existing control system or development of a new one. This work describes the development of a control system using the digital twins methodology for a gas system delivering a specific mixture of gases to the time-of-flight (ToF) multipurpose detector (MPD) used during high-energy physics experiments in the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (Dubna, Russia). The gas system digital twin was built using a test stand and further extended into target full-scale installation planned to be built in the near future. Therefore, conducted simulations are used to validate the existing system and to allow validation of the planned new system. Moreover, the gas system digital twin enables testing of new control opportunities, improving the operation of the target gas system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22020678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,16]],"date-time":"2022-01-16T20:45:21Z","timestamp":1642365921000},"page":"678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Digital Twins in the Practice of High-Energy Physics Experiments: A Gas System for the Multipurpose Detector"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0257-8255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patryk","family":"Chaber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Control and Computation Engineering, Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Nowowiejska 15\/19, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4053-3330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142 D.","family":"Doma\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Control and Computation Engineering, Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Nowowiejska 15\/19, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7323-9341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"D\u0105browski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6846-2004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"\u0141awry\u0144czuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Control and Computation Engineering, Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Nowowiejska 15\/19, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1152-8690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Nebeluk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Control and Computation Engineering, Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Nowowiejska 15\/19, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6610-8039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Plamowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Control and Computation Engineering, Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Nowowiejska 15\/19, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8436-7325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Zarzycki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Control and Computation Engineering, Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. 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