{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:47:00Z","timestamp":1760150820405,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,16]],"date-time":"2022-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The performance of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers is significantly affected by interference signals. For this reason, several research groups have proposed methods to mitigate the effect of different kinds of jammers. One effective method for wide-band interference mitigation (IM) is the high-rate DFT-based data manipulator (HDDM) pulse blanker (PB). It provides good performance to pulsed and frequency sparse interference. However, it and many other methods have poor performance against wide-band noise signals, which are not frequency-sparse. This article proposes to include automatic gain control (AGC) in the HDDM structure to attenuate the signal instead of removing it: the HDDM-AGC. It overcomes the wide-band noise limitation for IM at the cost of limiting mitigation capability to other signals. Previous studies with this approach were limited to only measuring the carrier-to-noise density ratio (C\/N0) performance of tracking, but this article extends the analysis to include the impact of the HDDM-AGC algorithm on the position, velocity, and time (PVT) solution. It allows an end-to-end evaluation and impact assessment of mitigation to a GNSS receiver. This study compares two commercial receivers: one high-end and one low-cost, with and without HDDM IM against laboratory-generated interference signals. The results show that the HDDM-AGC provides a PVT availability and precision comparable to high-end commercial receivers with integrated mitigation for most interference types. For pulse interferences, its performance is superior. Further, it is shown that degradation is minimized against wide-band noise interferences. Regarding low-cost receivers, the PVT availability can be increased up to 40% by applying an external HDDM-AGC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22020679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,16]],"date-time":"2022-01-16T20:45:21Z","timestamp":1642365921000},"page":"679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Wide-Band Interference Mitigation in GNSS Receivers Using Sub-Band Automatic Gain Control"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8441-5515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes Rossouw","family":"van der Merwe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Satellite-Based Positioning Systems Department, Fraunhofer IIS, Nordostpark 84, 90411 Nuremberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2597-4429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Garzia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Satellite-Based Positioning Systems Department, Fraunhofer IIS, Nordostpark 84, 90411 Nuremberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5927-4685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"R\u00fcgamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Satellite-Based Positioning Systems Department, Fraunhofer IIS, Nordostpark 84, 90411 Nuremberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1558-5024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santiago","family":"Urquijo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Satellite-Based Positioning Systems Department, Fraunhofer IIS, Nordostpark 84, 90411 Nuremberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2717-541X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Contreras Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Satellite-Based Positioning Systems Department, Fraunhofer IIS, Nordostpark 84, 90411 Nuremberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1927-7870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Felber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Satellite-Based Positioning Systems Department, Fraunhofer IIS, Nordostpark 84, 90411 Nuremberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eliardsson, P., Alexandersson, M., Pattinson, M., Hill, S., Waern, A., Ying, Y., and Fryganiotis, D. (2017, January 4\u20137). Results from measuring campaign of electromagnetic interference in GPS L1-band. Proceedings of the 2017 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility\u2014EMC EUROPE, Angers, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMCEurope.2017.8094660"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van der Merwe, J.R., Meister, D., Otto, C., Stahl, M., R\u00fcgamer, A., Etxezarreta Martinez, J., and Felber, W. (2017, January 9\u201312). GNSS interference monitoring and characterisation station. Proceedings of the 2017 European Navigation Conference (ENC), Lausanne, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1109\/EURONAV.2017.7954206"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartl, S., Berglez, P., and Hofmann-Wellenhof, B. (2017, January 9\u201312). GNSS interference detection, classification and localization using Software-Defined Radio. Proceedings of the 2017 European Navigation Conference (ENC), Lausanne, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1109\/EURONAV.2017.7954205"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcos, E.P., Caizzone, S., Konovaltsev, A., Cuntz, M., Elmarissi, W., Yinusa, K., and Meurer, M. (2018, January 23\u201326). Interference awareness and characterization for GNSS maritime applications. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE\/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium (PLANS), Monterey, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS.2018.8373469"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashemi, A., Thombre, S., Giorgia Ferrara, N., Zahidul, M., Bhuiyan, H., and Pattinson, M. (2019, January 4\u20136). STRIKE3-Case Study for Standardized Testing of Timing-Grade GNSS Receivers Against Real-World Interference Threats. Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Localization and GNSS (ICL-GNSS), Nuremberg, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICL-GNSS.2019.8752948"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van der Merwe, J.R., Garzia, F., R\u00fcgamer, A., and Felber, W. (2020, January 20\u201323). High-rate DFT-based Data Manipulator (HDDM) Algorithm for Effective Interference Mitigation. Proceedings of the IEEE\/ION PLANS, Portland, OR, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS46316.2020.9109950"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Raimondi, M., Julien, O., Macabiau, C., and Bastide, F. (2006, January 26\u201329). Mitigating Pulsed Interference Using Frequency Domain Adaptive Filtering. Proceedings of the 19th International Technical Meeting of The Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2006), Fort Worth, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musumeci, L., and Dovis, F. (2012, January 25\u201327). A comparison of transformed-domain techniques for pulsed interference removal on GNSS signals. Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Localization and GNSS, Starnberg, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICL-GNSS.2012.6253131"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2013.6494387","article-title":"Analytical Performance of GNSS Receivers using Interference Mitigation Techniques","volume":"49","author":"Ojeda","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garzia, F., Van der Merwe, J.R., R\u00fcgamer, A., and Felber, W. (2020, January 2\u20134). Hardware Implementation and Evaluation of the HDDM. Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Localization and GNSS (ICL-GNSS), Tampere, Finland.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICL-GNSS49876.2020.9115507"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garzia, F., Van der Merwe, J.R., R\u00fcgamer, A., Urquijo, S., Taschke, S., and Felber, W. (2021, January 1\u20133). Sub-Band AGC-Based Interference Mitigation. Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Localization and GNSS (ICL-GNSS), Tampere, Finland.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICL-GNSS51451.2021.9452250"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1002\/navi.441","article-title":"Advanced and versatile signal conditioning for GNSS receivers using the high-rate DFT-based data manipulator (HDDM)","volume":"68","author":"Garzia","year":"2021","journal-title":"NAVIGATION J. Inst. Navig."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garzia, F., Van der Merwe, J.R., R\u00fcgamer, A., Urquijo, S., and Felber, W. (2020). HDDM Hardware Evaluation for Robust Interference Mitigation. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20226492"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van der Merwe, J.R., Garzia, F., Saad, M., Kreh, B., R\u00fcgamer, A., Monroy Gonzalez Plata, R., and Felber, W. (2020, January 21\u201325). Receiver Bandwidth Compression for Multi-GNSS Signal Processing. Proceedings of the 33rd International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2020), Nashville, TN, USA.","DOI":"10.33012\/2020.17681"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Wu, H., and Gao, Y. (2013, January 16\u201320). Transform Domain Interference Suppression in GPS\/BD-2 Receiver Based on Fractional Fourier Transform. Proceedings of the 26th International Technical Meeting of The Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2013), Nashville, TN, USA."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van der Merwe, J.R., R\u00fcgamer, A., Garzia, F., Felber, W., and Wendel, J. (2018, January 23\u201326). Evaluation of mitigation methods against COTS PPDs. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE\/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium (PLANS), Monterey, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS.2018.8373470"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-spr.2012.0199","article-title":"Optimal Global Navigation Satellite System pulse blanking in the presence of signal quantisation","volume":"7","author":"Borio","year":"2013","journal-title":"IET Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panchalard, R., Koseeyaporn, J., and Wardkein, P. (2006, January 25\u201328). State-Space Kalman Adaptive IIR Notch Filter. Proceedings of the 2006 International Conference on Communications, Circuits and Systems, Guilin, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCAS.2006.284619"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"67","article-title":"Tracking and Mitigating a Jamming Signal with an Adaptive Notch Filter","volume":"9","author":"Borio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inside GNSS"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-spr.2015.0310","article-title":"Loop analysis of adaptive notch filters","volume":"10","author":"Borio","year":"2016","journal-title":"IET Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"van der Merwe, J.R., Vidal, I.C., Garzia, F., Lohan, E.S., Nurmi, J., and Felber, W. (2021, January 22\u201325). Resilient Interference Mitigation with Adaptive Frequency Locked Loop based Adaptive Notch Filtering. Proceedings of the 2021 Navigation, Nanchang, China."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Merwe, J.R., Garzia, F., R\u00fcgamer, A., Vidal, I.C., and Felber, W. (2020, January 23\u201324). Adaptive notch filtering against complex interference scenarios. Proceedings of the 2020 European Navigation Conference (ENC), Dresden, Germany.","DOI":"10.23919\/ENC48637.2020.9317518"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Dovis, F. (2015). GNSS Interference Threats and Countermeasures, Artech House."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1002\/navi.300","article-title":"Robust transform domain signal processing for GNSS","volume":"66","author":"Borio","year":"2019","journal-title":"NAVIGATION J. Inst. Navig."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2161-4296.2011.tb01790.x","article-title":"Analytical Model for GNSS Receiver Implementation Losses","volume":"58","author":"Hegarty","year":"2011","journal-title":"Navigation"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Kaplan, E.D., and Hegarty, C.J. (2006). Understanding GPS: Principles and Applications, Artech House. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Merwe, J.R., R\u00fcgamer, A., and Felber, W. (2020, January 2\u20134). Simultaneous Jamming and Navigation Pseudolite System. Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Localization and GNSS (ICL-GNSS), Tampere, Finland.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICL-GNSS49876.2020.9115527"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"41","article-title":"GPS Accuracy: Lies, Damn Lies and Statistics","volume":"18","year":"2007","journal-title":"GPS World"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/navi.391","article-title":"GNSS interference mitigation: A measurement and position domain assessment","volume":"68","author":"Borio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Navigation"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/2\/679\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:02:12Z","timestamp":1760133732000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/2\/679"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,16]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s22020679"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22020679","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,16]]}}}