{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:41:19Z","timestamp":1760136079838,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ligue Fran\u00e7aise contre la scl\u00e9rose en plaques","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The detection of immunoglobulin G (IgG) oligoclonal bands (OCB) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by isoelectric focusing (IEF) is a valuable tool for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Over the last decade, the results of our clinical research have suggested that tears are a non-invasive alternative to CSF. However, since tear samples have a lower IgG concentration than CSF, a sensitive OCB detection is therefore required. We are developing the first automatic tool for IEF analysis, with a view to speeding up the current visual inspection method, removing user variability, reducing misinterpretation, and facilitating OCB quantification and follow-up studies. The removal of band distortion is a key image enhancement step in increasing the reliability of automatic OCB detection. Here, we describe a novel, fully automatic band-straightening algorithm. The algorithm is based on a correlation directional warping function, estimated using an energy minimization procedure. The approach was optimized via an innovative coupling of a hierarchy of image resolutions to a hierarchy of transformation, in which band misalignment is corrected at successively finer scales. The algorithm\u2019s performance was assessed in terms of the bands\u2019 standard deviation before and after straightening, using a synthetic dataset and a set of 200 lanes of CSF, tear, serum and control samples on which experts had manually delineated the bands. The number of distorted bands was divided by almost 16 for the synthetic lanes and by 7 for the test dataset of real lanes. This method can be applied effectively to different sample types. It can realign minimal contrast bands and is robust for non-uniform deformations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22030724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T22:47:32Z","timestamp":1642546052000},"page":"724","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Oligoclonal Band Straightening Based on Optimized Hierarchical Warping for Multiple Sclerosis Diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3292-9397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farah","family":"Haddad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Signal Processing Unit (UTSB), Lille Catholic University, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Midwifery (FMM), Lille Catholic Institute (ICL), F-59800 Lille, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Informatique Signal et Image de la C\u00f4te d\u2019Opale (LISIC), Universit\u00e9 du Littoral C\u00f4te d\u2019Opale (ULCO), F-62228 Calais, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5289-8591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Boudet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Signal Processing Unit (UTSB), Lille Catholic University, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Midwifery (FMM), Lille Catholic Institute (ICL), F-59800 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6602-9584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurent","family":"Peyrodie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Signal Processing Unit (UTSB), Lille Catholic University, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"JUNIA-HEI (Hautes \u00c9tudes d\u2019Ing\u00e9nieur), F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"Imagerie Multimodale Multi\u00e9chelle et Mod\u00e9lisation du Tissu Osseux et articulaire (I3MTO), Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Orl\u00e9ans, F-45067 Orl\u00e9ans, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7766-4898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Vandenbroucke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Informatique Signal et Image de la C\u00f4te d\u2019Opale (LISIC), Universit\u00e9 du Littoral C\u00f4te d\u2019Opale (ULCO), F-62228 Calais, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Poupart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lille Catholic Hospital (GHICL), F-59160 Lomme, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Hautecoeur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Midwifery (FMM), Lille Catholic Institute (ICL), F-59800 Lille, France"},{"name":"Lille Catholic Hospital (GHICL), F-59160 Lomme, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Chieux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lille Catholic Hospital (GHICL), F-59160 Lomme, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G\u00e9rard","family":"Forzy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Midwifery (FMM), Lille Catholic Institute (ICL), F-59800 Lille, France"},{"name":"Lille Catholic Hospital (GHICL), F-59160 Lomme, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410130302","article-title":"New diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: Guidelines for research protocols","volume":"13","author":"Poser","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann. 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