{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:49:10Z","timestamp":1760150950934,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001787","name":"University of South Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["This research work was accomplished with the support of the Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP)."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["This research work was accomplished with the support of the Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP)."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001787","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents the development and implementation of a novel robust sensing and measurement system that achieves fine granularity and permits new insights into operation of rotational machinery. Instant angle speed measurements offer a wealth of useful information for complex machines in which the motion is the result of multidimensional, internal, and external interactions. The implementation of the proposed system was conducted on an internal combustion engine. The internal combustion engine crankshaft\u2019s angular velocity is the result of the integration of all variables of motor and resisting forces. The crankshaft angular velocity variation also reflects the interaction between the internal thermodynamic cycle of the engine and the plant it powers. To minimise the number of variables, we used for our experiments an aero piston engine for small air-vehicles\u2014a well-made and reliable powerplant\u2014connected to a propeller. This paper presents the need for a better sensing and measurement system. Then, we show the development of the system, the measurement protocol and process, recording and analysis of the data, and results of some experiments. We then demonstrate the possibilities this sensing suite can achieve\u2014a deeper insight into the operation of the machine\u2014by performing high-quality analyses of engine cycles, well beyond capabilities in the state of the art. This system can be generalised for other rotational machines and equipment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22030754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T21:01:51Z","timestamp":1642626111000},"page":"754","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Robust Instant Angle Speed Measurement for Internal Combustion Engines\u2014A Novel Sensing Suite and Methodology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4925-926X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioan","family":"Porumb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UNISA STEM, Australian Research Centre for Interactive and Virtual Environments, University of South Australia, University Boulevard, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Romeo","family":"Marian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNISA STEM, Australian Research Centre for Interactive and Virtual Environments, University of South Australia, University Boulevard, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kutluyil","family":"Do\u011fan\u00e7ay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNISA STEM, Australian Research Centre for Interactive and Virtual Environments, University of South Australia, University Boulevard, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6496-0543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javaan Singh","family":"Chahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNISA STEM, Australian Research Centre for Interactive and Virtual Environments, University of South Australia, University Boulevard, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1468087419877990","article-title":"Ijer editorial: The future of the internal combustion engine","volume":"21","author":"Reitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. 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