{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T12:18:56Z","timestamp":1780316336648,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/S003436\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/S003436\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/V000969\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/V000969\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education Grant","award":["12300051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12300051"]}]},{"name":"EU Horizon 2020","award":["101008280"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101008280"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61975027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61975027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we review different designs of distributed Raman amplifiers which have been proposed to minimize the signal power profile asymmetry in mid-link optical phase conjugation systems. We demonstrate how the symmetrical signal power profiles along the fiber can be achieved using various distributed Raman amplification techniques in the single-span and more realistic multi-span circumstances. In addition, we show the theoretically predicted results of the Kerr nonlinear product reduction with different Raman techniques in mid-link optical phase conjugator systems, and then in-line\/long-haul transmission performance using numerical simulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22030758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T21:01:51Z","timestamp":1642626111000},"page":"758","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Distributed Raman Amplification for Fiber Nonlinearity Compensation in a Mid-Link Optical Phase Conjugation System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0822-8160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingming","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aston Institute of Photonics Technologies, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5945-0282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Telecommunications, Szachowa 1, 04-894 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1683-5734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tu T.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aston Institute of Photonics Technologies, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad A. 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