{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T18:45:53Z","timestamp":1781376353618,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]],"date-time":"2022-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture and Forestry (IPET), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs(MAFRA)","award":["821014-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["821014-03"]}]},{"name":"Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture and Forestry (IPET), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs(MAFRA)","award":["114051-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114051-3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to design, develop, and evaluate the traction performance of an electric all-wheel-drive (AWD) tractor based on the power transmission and electric systems. The power transmission system includes the electric motor, helical gear reducer, planetary gear reducer, and tires. The electric system consists of a battery pack and charging system. An engine-generator and charger are installed to supply electric energy in emergency situations. The load measurement system consists of analog (current) and digital (battery voltage and rotational speed of the electric motor) components using a controller area network (CAN) bus. A traction test of the electric AWD tractor was performed towing a test vehicle. The output torques of the tractor motors during the traction test were calculated using the current and torque curves provided by the motor manufacturer. The agricultural work performance is verified by comparing the torque and rpm (T\u2013N) curve of the motor with the reduction ratio applied. The traction is calculated using torque and specifications of the wheel, and traction performance is evaluated using tractive efficiency (TE) and dynamic ratio (DR). The results suggest a direction for the improvement of the electric drive system in agricultural research by comparison with the conventional tractor through the analysis of the agricultural performance and traction performance of the electric AWD tractor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22030785","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]],"date-time":"2022-01-20T22:51:06Z","timestamp":1642719066000},"page":"785","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Traction Performance Evaluation of the Electric All-Wheel-Drive Tractor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7330-6949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung-Yun","family":"Baek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4627-191X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung-Min","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeon-Ho","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9669-4761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wan-Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9615-683X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeon-Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Convergence Agricultural Machinery Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Gimje 54325, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0423-1917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tae-Yong","family":"Sim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1335-7557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyu-Hong","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Smart Agriculture, Jeonju University, Jeonju 55069, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soon-Jung","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Education, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9797-5872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyunggun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomechatronic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1212-9018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong-Joo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.5109\/1564100","article-title":"Evaluation of tractor fuel efficiency using dynamometer and baler operation cycle","volume":"61","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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